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1 much
[mʌtʃ] 1.1) (to a considerable degree) moltodoes it hurt much? — fa tanto o molto male?
2) (often) molto, spesso3) (nearly) più o meno, pressappoco, all'incircavery much — (a lot) molto; (absolutely) moltissimo, tantissimo
thanks very much — molte o mille grazie
however much — sebbene, per quanto
you'll have to accept the decision however much you disagree — dovrai accettare la decisione anche se non sei d'accordo
5) (emphatic)not so much X as Y — non tanto X, ma piuttosto Y
6) much as per quanto, anche semuch as we regret our decision we have no choice — anche se ci dispiace o per quanto ci dispiaccia dover prendere una tale decisione non abbiamo scelta
7) much less tanto menoI've never seen him much less spoken to him — non l'ho mai visto, né tanto meno gli ho parlato
8) so much aswithout so much as saying goodbye, as an apology — senza neanche salutare, senza neanche scusarsi
9) so much forso much for equality — colloq. addio uguaglianza
10) much- in composti2.quantisostantivo femminile molto, tanto3.1) (a great deal) molto m., tanto m.to make much of sth. — (focus on) dare importanza a qcs.
2) (expressing a relative amount, degree)so much of the time, it's a question of patience — nella maggior parte dei casi è una questione di pazienza
it's too much! — è troppo! (in protest) questo è troppo!
I'll say this much for him, he's honest — posso dirti questo di lui: è una persona onesta
this much is certain, we'll have no choice — una cosa è certa, non avremo scelta
3) (focusing on limitations, inadequacy)it's not o nothing much non è niente di che; it's not up to much BE non è un granché; he's not much to look at (fisicamente) non è un granché; she doesn't think much of him non ha una buona opinione di lui; I'm not much of a reader non sono un gran lettore, non amo molto leggere; it wasn't much of a life così non era vivere; I'm not much of a one for cooking — colloq. cucinare non è il mio forte
••there isn't much in — BE o
to — AE
it — (in contest) = sono molto vicini
••there isn't much in it for us — (to our advantage) non ci guadagnamo un granché
Note:When much is used as an adverb, it is translated by molto: it's much longer = è molto più lungo; she doesn't talk much = lei non parla molto. For particular usages, see I below. - When much is used as a pronoun, it is usually translated by molto: there is much to learn = c'è molto da imparare. However, in negative sentences non... un granché is also used: I didn't learn much = non ho imparato un granché. - When much is used as a quantifier, it is translated by molto or molta according to the gender of the following noun: they don't have much money / much luck = non hanno molto denaro / molta fortuna. For particular usages, see II below* * *comparative of; see more* * *[mʌtʃ] 1.1) (to a considerable degree) moltodoes it hurt much? — fa tanto o molto male?
2) (often) molto, spesso3) (nearly) più o meno, pressappoco, all'incircavery much — (a lot) molto; (absolutely) moltissimo, tantissimo
thanks very much — molte o mille grazie
however much — sebbene, per quanto
you'll have to accept the decision however much you disagree — dovrai accettare la decisione anche se non sei d'accordo
5) (emphatic)not so much X as Y — non tanto X, ma piuttosto Y
6) much as per quanto, anche semuch as we regret our decision we have no choice — anche se ci dispiace o per quanto ci dispiaccia dover prendere una tale decisione non abbiamo scelta
7) much less tanto menoI've never seen him much less spoken to him — non l'ho mai visto, né tanto meno gli ho parlato
8) so much aswithout so much as saying goodbye, as an apology — senza neanche salutare, senza neanche scusarsi
9) so much forso much for equality — colloq. addio uguaglianza
10) much- in composti2.quantisostantivo femminile molto, tanto3.1) (a great deal) molto m., tanto m.to make much of sth. — (focus on) dare importanza a qcs.
2) (expressing a relative amount, degree)so much of the time, it's a question of patience — nella maggior parte dei casi è una questione di pazienza
it's too much! — è troppo! (in protest) questo è troppo!
I'll say this much for him, he's honest — posso dirti questo di lui: è una persona onesta
this much is certain, we'll have no choice — una cosa è certa, non avremo scelta
3) (focusing on limitations, inadequacy)it's not o nothing much non è niente di che; it's not up to much BE non è un granché; he's not much to look at (fisicamente) non è un granché; she doesn't think much of him non ha una buona opinione di lui; I'm not much of a reader non sono un gran lettore, non amo molto leggere; it wasn't much of a life così non era vivere; I'm not much of a one for cooking — colloq. cucinare non è il mio forte
••there isn't much in — BE o
to — AE
it — (in contest) = sono molto vicini
••there isn't much in it for us — (to our advantage) non ci guadagnamo un granché
Note:When much is used as an adverb, it is translated by molto: it's much longer = è molto più lungo; she doesn't talk much = lei non parla molto. For particular usages, see I below. - When much is used as a pronoun, it is usually translated by molto: there is much to learn = c'è molto da imparare. However, in negative sentences non... un granché is also used: I didn't learn much = non ho imparato un granché. - When much is used as a quantifier, it is translated by molto or molta according to the gender of the following noun: they don't have much money / much luck = non hanno molto denaro / molta fortuna. For particular usages, see II below -
2 for
I bought a new collar \for my dog ich kaufte ein neues Halsband für meinen Hund after adjthere are government subsidies available \for farmers für Bauern gibt es Zuschüsse vom Staat;this is a birthday present \for you hier ist ein Geburtstagsgeschenk für dich;to be [up] \for grabs noch zu haben sein;the last piece of cake is up \for grabs - who wants it? ein Stück Kuchen ist noch da - wer möchte es?I voted \for the Greens at the last election bei der letzten Wahl habe ich für die Grünen gestimmt;they voted \for independence in a referendum sie haben sich in dem Referendum für die Unabhängigkeit ausgesprochen;please donate - it's \for a good cause spenden Sie bitte - es ist für einen guten Zweck;I'm all \for sexual equality, but I still don't want my wife to work ich bin zwar für die Gleichberechtigung, aber ich möchte nicht, dass meine Frau arbeiten geht;applause \for sb Applaus für jdn;to be \for sb/ sth für jdn/etw sein;his followers are still for him seine Anhänger unterstützen ihn noch immer;to be \for doing sth dafür sein, dass etw getan wird;are you \for banning smoking in public places? sind Sie dafür, das Rauchen in der Öffentlichkeit zu verbieten?;to be all \for sth ganz für etw akk seinshe felt sorry \for the homeless people die Obdachlosen taten ihr leid;they are responsible \for marketing the product sie tragen die Verantwortung für den Vertrieb des Produkts;that jacket looks a bit big \for you diese Jacke ist wohl etwas zu groß für dich;I can't run with you - you're far too fast \for me! ich kann mit dir nicht laufen - du bist zu schnell für mich!;I'm happy \for you that it finally worked out ich freue mich für dich, dass es endlich geklappt hat;you're not making it easy \for me to tell you the news du machst es mir nicht gerade einfach, dir die Neuigkeiten zu erzählen;the coffee was too strong \for me der Kaffee war mir zu stark;luckily \for me, I already had another job zu meinem Glück hatte ich bereits eine andere Stelle;the admiration she felt \for him soon died ihre Bewunderung für ihn war schnell verflogen;he felt nothing but contempt \for her er fühlte nur noch Verachtung für sie;is this seat high enough \for you? ist Ihnen dieser Sitz hoch genug?;she is preparing \for her presentation sie bereitet sich auf ihre Präsentation vor;how are you doing for money? wie sieht es bei dir mit dem Geld aus?;Jackie's already left and, as \for me, I'm going at the end of the month Jackie ist schon weg, und was mich angeht, ich gehe Ende des Monats;to feel \for sb mit jdm fühlen;I feel \for you but I can't do anything ich fühle mit dir, aber ich kann nichts tunshe asked \for a skateboard for her birthday sie wünschte sich ein Skateboard zum Geburtstag;to hope for good news auf gute Nachrichten hoffen;I've applied \for a job ich habe mich um eine Stelle beworben;quick, send \for a doctor! holen Sie schnell einen Arzt!;the little girl ran \for her mother das kleine Mädchen lief zu ihrer Mutter;I had to run \for the bus ich musste zum Bus laufen;she's looking \for a way to finance the purchase sie sucht nach einer Möglichkeit, den Kauf zu finanzieren;I had to wait \for him for 20 minutes ich musste 20 Minuten auf ihn warten;he did it \for the fame er tat es, um berühmt zu werden;even though he's in this \for the money, we still need him auch wenn er es wegen des Geldes tut, brauchen wir ihn;she's eager \for a chance to show that she's a capable worker sie möchte gerne beweisen, dass sie eine fähige Mitarbeiterin ist;drug addicts have a need \for more and more of their drug of choice Drogensüchtige brauchen immer mehr von ihrer Droge;oh \for something to drink! hätte ich doch bloß etwas zu trinken!;oh \for a strong black coffee! und jetzt einen starken schwarzen Kaffee!;the demand \for money der Bedarf an Geld;to fish \for compliments sich dat gerne Komplimente machen lassen;5) after n, vb (on behalf, for the benefit of) für +akk;he's an agent \for models and actors er ist Agent für Models und Schauspieler;to do sth \for sb etw für jdn tun;these parents aren't speaking \for everyone diese Eltern sprechen nicht für alle;she works \for a charity sie arbeitet für eine soziale Einrichtung;next time you see them, say hi \for me sag ihnen Grüße von mir, wenn du sie wiedersiehst;the messenger was there \for his boss der Bote war dort, um seinen Chef zu vertreten;a course \for beginners in Russian ein Russischkurs für Anfänger;to do sth \for oneself etw selbst tun6) ( as ordered by)to do sth \for sb/ sth etw für jdn/etw tun;they had to do extra work \for their boss sie mussten noch mehr für ihren Chef arbeiten;I have some things to do \for school ich muss noch etwas für die Schule machenshe is a tutor \for the Open University sie ist Tutorin bei der Offenen Universität;to work \for sb/ sth bei jdm/etw arbeitenwhat's that \for? wofür ist das?;what did you do that \for? wozu hast du das getan?;what do you use these enormous scissors \for? was machst du mit dieser riesigen Schere?;I need some money \for tonight ich brauche ein wenig Geld für heute Abend;that's useful \for removing rust damit kann man gut Rost lösen;the books are not \for sale die Bücher sind nicht verkäuflich;they've invited us round \for dinner on Saturday sie haben uns für Samstag zum Essen eingeladen;he is taking medication \for his heart condition er nimmt Medikamente für sein Herz;if you can't sleep, you can take some pills \for that wenn du nicht schlafen kannst, dann nimm doch ein paar Schlaftabletten;she needed to move closer \for me to hear her sie musste näher zu mir rücken, damit ich sie verstehen konnte;take that out of your mouth - that's not \for eating nimmt das aus dem Mund - das ist nicht zum Essen;\for your information zu Ihrer Information;\for the record der Ordnung halber;the spokesman told the press \for the record that the president was in good health der Sprecher sagte der Presse für das Protokoll, dass der Präsident bei guter Gesundheit sei;bikes \for rent Räder zu vermietenshe did fifteen years in prison \for murder sie war wegen Mordes fünfzehn Jahre im Gefängnis;I don't eat meat \for various reasons ich esse aus verschiedenen Gründen kein Fleisch;I could dance and sing \for joy! ich könnte vor Freude tanzen und singen!;he apologized \for being late er entschuldigte sich wegen seiner Verspätung;she loved him just \for being himself sie liebte ihn, weil er einfach er selbst war;Bob was looking all the better \for his three weeks in Spain wegen seiner drei Wochen in Spanien sah Bob viel besser aus ( form);if it hadn't been \for him, we wouldn't be here right now ohne ihn wären wir jetzt nicht hier;how are you? - fine, and all the better \for seeing you! wie geht's? - gut, und wo ich dich sehe, gleich noch besser!;I could not see \for the tears in my eyes ich konnte vor Tränen in den Augen gar nicht sehen;\for fear of sth aus Angst vor etw dat;\for lack of sth aus Mangel an etw dat;the reason \for his behaviour der Grund für sein Verhalten;be famous \for sth für etw akk berühmt seinthis train is \for Birmingham dieser Zug fährt nach Birmingham;he made \for home in a hurry er rannte schnell nach Hause;the man went \for him with his fists der Mann ging mit den Fäusten auf ihn los;just follow signs \for the town centre folgen Sie einfach den Schildern in die Innenstadtto be \for sth für etw akk stehen;A is \for ‘airlines’ A steht für ‚Airlines‘;to stand \for sth etw bedeuten, für etw akk stehen;what does the M.J. stand \for? María José? was bedeutet M.J.? María José?;what's the Spanish word \for ‘vegetarian’? was heißt ‚vegetarian‘ auf Spanisch?she paid a high price \for loyalty to her boss sie hat einen hohen Preis für die Loyalität zu ihrem Chef gezahlt;I'll trade you this baseball card \for that rubber ball ich gebe dir diese Baseball-Karte für diesen Gummiball;since we're friends, I'll do it \for nothing da wir Freunde sind, mache ich es umsonst;that's \for cheating on me! das ist dafür, dass du mich betrogen hast!;how much did you pay \for your glasses? wie viel hast du für deine Brille gezahlt?she sold the house \for quite a lot of money sie verkaufte das Haus für ziemlich viel Geld;you can buy a bestseller \for about $6 Sie bekommen einen Bestseller schon für 6 Dollar;they sent a cheque \for $100 sie schickten einen Scheck über 100 Dollar;not \for a million dollars [or \for all the world] um nichts in der Welt;I wouldn't go out with him \for a million dollars ich würde für kein Geld der Welt mit ihm ausgehenthe summer has been quite hot \for England für England war das ein ziemlich heißer Sommer;she's very mature \for her age sie ist für ihr Alter schon sehr weit entwickelt;warm weather \for the time of year für diese Jahreszeit ein mildes Wetter;he's quite thoughtful \for a man! für einen Mann ist er sehr zuvorkommend!I'm just going to sleep \for half an hour ich lege mich mal eine halbe Stunde schlafen;my father has been smoking \for 10 years mein Vater raucht seit 10 Jahren;he was jailed \for twelve years er musste für zwölf Jahre ins Gefängnis;\for the moment it's okay im Augenblick ist alles o.k.;\for the next two days in den beiden nächsten Tagen;\for a time eine Zeitlang;\for a long time seit längerer Zeit;\for such a long time that... schon so lange, dass...;\for some time seit längerem;\for the time being vorübergehend;\for a while eine Zeitlang;play here \for a while! spiele hier mal ein wenig!;\for ever/ eternity bis in alle Ewigkeit;this pact is \for ever dieser Pakt gilt für immer und ewighe always jogs \for 5 kilometres before breakfast er joggt immer 5 Kilometer vor dem Frühstück;she wanted to drive \for at least 100 kilometres sie wollte mindestens 100 Kilometer fahrenhe booked a table at the restaurant \for nine o'clock er reservierte in dem Restaurant einen Tisch für neun Uhr;they set their wedding date \for September 15 sie legten ihre Hochzeit auf den 15. September;we'll plan the party \for next Friday wir planen die Party für nächsten Freitag;she finished the report \for next Monday sie machte den Bericht bis zum nächsten Montag fertig;what did you buy him \for Christmas? was hast du ihm zu Weihnachten gekauft?;\for the first time zum ersten Mal;\for the [very] last time zum [aller]letzten Mal;\for the first/ second time running im ersten/zweiten Durchlauf;at... \for... um... zu...;to arrive at 8.00 \for dinner at 8.30 um 8.00 Uhr zum Abendessen um 8.30 eintreffen\for all that trotz alledem;\for all his effort, the experiment was a failure trotz all seiner Anstrengungen war das Experiment ein Fehlschlag;\for all I know/ care soviel ich weiß;\for all I know, Dubai could be in Africa soweit ich weiß, liegt Dubai in Afrikathere is one teacher \for every 25 students in our school auf 25 Schüler kommt in unserer Schule ein Lehrer;\for every cigarette you smoke, you take off one day of your life für jede Zigarette, die du rauchst, wird dein Leben um einen Tag kürzer;she told me word \for word what he said sie erzählte mir Wort für Wort, was sie gesagt hatteto [not] be \for sb to do sth [nicht] jds Sache f sein, etw zu tun;it's not \for me to tell her what to do es ist nicht meine Aufgabe, ihr vorzuschreiben, was sie zu tun hat;the decision is not \for him to make er hat diese Entscheidung nicht zu treffenshe thought it \for a lie but didn't say anything sie glaubte, das sei eine Lüge, sagte aber nichts;I \for one am sick of this bickering ich für meinen Teil habe genug von diesem GezänkPHRASES:I've got homework \for Africa ich habe zu Hause noch jede Menge Arbeit;an eye \for an eye Auge für Auge;a penny \for your thoughts ich gäbe was dafür, wenn ich wüsste, woran Sie gerade denken;\for crying out loud um Himmels willen;to be [in] \for it Schwierigkeiten bekommen;that's/there's sth \for you ('s sth \for you) das sieht etwas ähnlich;there's gratitude \for you! und so was nennt sich Dankbarkeit! -
3 SO
[səʊ]1) (so very) così, talmentenot so tall as — colloq. non alto come o quanto
I'm not feeling so good — colloq. non mi sento troppo bene
and so on (and so forth) — e così via, e avanti di questo passo
5) (true)6) (also) ancheif you accept so do I — se accetti, accetto anch'io
7) colloq. (thereabouts)so there you are — e così, eccoti qua
he dived and as he did so... — si tuffò e nel farlo o facendolo...
"I thought you liked it?" - "so I do" — "credevo che ti piacesse" - "sì che mi piace"
"it's broken" - "so it is" — "è rotto" - "lo vedo"
"I'm sorry" - "so you should be" — "sono dispiaciuto" - "lo credo bene"
11) colloq. (refuting a statement)"he didn't hit you" - "he did so!" — "non ti ha picchiato" - "sì che l'ha fatto!"
12) colloq. (as casual response)"I'm leaving" - "so?" — "me ne vado" - "e allora?"
13) so (that) (in such a way that) in modo che; (in order that) affinché14) so as perso many of her friends — così tanti suoi amici; (in comparisons)
to behave like so many schoolgirls — comportarsi come tante ragazzine; (limited amount)
so much of her life — così tanta parte della sua vita; (limited amount)
there's only so much you can take — non puoi sopportare oltre; (to such an extent)
to hate sth. so much that — detestare qcs. talmente tanto che
thank you so much — grazie mille; (in contrasts)
17) so much as (even) neanche18) so much forso much for that problem, now for... — e questo è tutto per quanto riguarda questo problema, passiamo ora a...
so much for equality — colloq. alla faccia dell'uguaglianza
so much for saying you'd help — colloq. meno male che avevi detto che avresti dato una mano
19) so long as colloq. purché, a patto che••so much the better, the worse — tanto meglio, peggio
* * *[səu] 1. adverb1) ((used in several types of sentence to express degree) to this extent, or to such an extent: `The snake was about so long,' he said, holding his hands about a metre apart; Don't get so worried!; She was so pleased with his progress in school that she bought him a new bicycle; They couldn't all get into the room, there were so many of them; He departed without so much as (= without even) a goodbye; You've been so (= very) kind to me!; Thank you so much!) così2) ((used to express manner) in this/that way: As you hope to be treated by others, so you must treat them; He likes everything to be (arranged) just so (= in one particular and precise way); It so happens that I have to go to an important meeting tonight.) così3) ((used in place of a word, phrase etc previously used, or something previously stated) as already indicated: `Are you really leaving your job?' `Yes, I've already told you / said so'; `Is she arriving tomorrow?' `Yes, I hope so'; If you haven't read the notice, please do so now; `Is that so (= true)?' `Yes, it's really so'; `Was your father angry?' `Yes, even more so than I was expecting - in fact, so much so that he refused to speak to me all day!) questo; così4) (in the same way; also: `I hope we'll meet again.' `So do I.'; She has a lot of money and so has her husband.) anche; lo stesso5) ((used to express agreement or confirmation) indeed: `You said you were going shopping today.' `So I did, but I've changed my mind.'; `You'll need this book tomorrow, won't you?' `So I will.') in effetti2. conjunction((and) therefore: John had a bad cold, so I took him to the doctor; `So you think you'd like this job, then?' `Yes.'; And so they got married and lived happily ever after.) così, allora- so-so
- and so on/forth
- or so
- so as to
- so far
- so good
- so that
- so to say/speak* * *abbrSee:* * *SOsigla* * *[səʊ]1) (so very) così, talmentenot so tall as — colloq. non alto come o quanto
I'm not feeling so good — colloq. non mi sento troppo bene
and so on (and so forth) — e così via, e avanti di questo passo
5) (true)6) (also) ancheif you accept so do I — se accetti, accetto anch'io
7) colloq. (thereabouts)so there you are — e così, eccoti qua
he dived and as he did so... — si tuffò e nel farlo o facendolo...
"I thought you liked it?" - "so I do" — "credevo che ti piacesse" - "sì che mi piace"
"it's broken" - "so it is" — "è rotto" - "lo vedo"
"I'm sorry" - "so you should be" — "sono dispiaciuto" - "lo credo bene"
11) colloq. (refuting a statement)"he didn't hit you" - "he did so!" — "non ti ha picchiato" - "sì che l'ha fatto!"
12) colloq. (as casual response)"I'm leaving" - "so?" — "me ne vado" - "e allora?"
13) so (that) (in such a way that) in modo che; (in order that) affinché14) so as perso many of her friends — così tanti suoi amici; (in comparisons)
to behave like so many schoolgirls — comportarsi come tante ragazzine; (limited amount)
so much of her life — così tanta parte della sua vita; (limited amount)
there's only so much you can take — non puoi sopportare oltre; (to such an extent)
to hate sth. so much that — detestare qcs. talmente tanto che
thank you so much — grazie mille; (in contrasts)
17) so much as (even) neanche18) so much forso much for that problem, now for... — e questo è tutto per quanto riguarda questo problema, passiamo ora a...
so much for equality — colloq. alla faccia dell'uguaglianza
so much for saying you'd help — colloq. meno male che avevi detto che avresti dato una mano
19) so long as colloq. purché, a patto che••so much the better, the worse — tanto meglio, peggio
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4 faccia
f (pl -cce) face(risvolto, aspetto) facet( lato) sidefaccia tosta cheekfaccia a faccia face to facedi faccia a opposite, in front ofin faccia in the facegliel'ha detto in faccia he told him to his face* * *faccia s.f.1 face: faccia ossuta, tonda, pallida, abbronzata, gaunt, round, pale, tanned face; gli lavai la faccia, I washed his face; lo guardai in faccia, I looked him in the eye (o full in the face); ti si legge in faccia che sei stanco, I can tell by your face you are tired; mi tirò un libro in faccia, he threw a book in my face; guardare in faccia qlcu., to look s.o. in the face; non potrò più guardarlo in faccia, I'll never be able to look him in the face again; sputare in faccia a qlcu., to spit in s.o.'s face2 ( sembiante, aspetto, espressione) look, expression, appearance: faccia addolorata, sofferente, sorrowful expression; la sua faccia si irrigidì, his expression (o look o countenance) hardened; faccia aperta, simpatica, open, pleasant face (o open expression); che faccia! che cosa ti è successo?, how pale you look! what's up?; cambiò faccia quando lo vide, ( si rabbuiò) her face fell when she saw him, ( si illuminò) her face lit up when she saw him; da quando l'ho visto l'ultima volta ha cambiato faccia, he has changed since I saw him last; ha una faccia da mascalzone, he looks like a rascal; hai la faccia di uno che ha dormito male, you look as if you slept badly; hai una bella faccia questa mattina, you look good this morning; hai una brutta faccia, you don't look up to the mark (o you don't look very fit) // quest'auto ha cambiato faccia, ( sembra nuova) this car looks new // fece una faccia da ebete, his eyes took on a vacant look; fare delle facce, to make (o to pull) faces3 ( lato, superficie) face; side: la faccia della Luna, the face of the Moon; la faccia di un edificio, the front (o façade) of a building; le due facce di una moneta, the two faces of a coin; scrivete sulla faccia sinistra del foglio, write on the left side of the page // (mat.) le facce di un cubo, the faces (o sides) of a cube // (mecc.) un dado a sei facce, a six-paned nut // (miner.) le facce di un cristallo, the faces of a crystal // l'altra faccia della luna, (fig.) the other side of the question // è il più grosso imbroglione che sia mai esistito sulla faccia della terra, he is the biggest cheat that ever existed under the sun4 (fig.) ( aspetto) aspect: esaminiamo ora l'altra faccia del problema, let's go into the other aspect of the problem; è una questione che sembra avere molte facce, it's a problem that seams to have many different aspects.◆ FRASEOLOGIA: faccia in su, in giù, face up, face down // faccia a faccia, ( confronto) face to face confrontation; erano faccia a faccia, they were face to face (o they were facing each other); mettere due testimoni faccia a faccia, to confront two witnesses // di faccia a, in front of (o opposite): il monumento di faccia al municipio, the monument in front of the town hall; la sua casa è di faccia alla chiesa, his house is opposite the church; la casa di faccia, the house opposite; visto di faccia, seen from the front // che faccia ( tosta)!, what cheek (o what a nerve)!; chi ebbe la faccia ( tosta) di negarlo?, who had the face (o the cheek o the impudence) to deny it?; hai una bella faccia di bronzo!, you've got a nerve!; una faccia da schiaffi, a cheeky face // persona a due facce, two-faced person (o double dealer) // glielo dirò in faccia, I'll tell him so to his face (o I'll tell him straight) // mi risero in faccia, they laughed in my face // dire qlco. in faccia al mondo, to say sthg. in public (o publicly) // fare la faccia lunga, to pull a long face // fare qlco. alla faccia di qlcu., to do sthg. in spite of s.o.; alla faccia!, so much for you! (o good for you!): ''Vado in vacanza per un mese'' ''Alla faccia!'', ''I'm taking a month's holiday'' ''Good God!''; alla faccia della dieta, mangerò anche il dolce!, I'll have some cake too, and so much for my diet! // farsi la faccia, ( truccarsi) to make up // non guardare in faccia a nessuno, to put number one first, ( dire ciò che si pensa) to say what one thinks // perdere la faccia, to lose face; salvare la faccia, to save one's face.* * *1) (viso) faceguardare in faccia qcn. — to look sb. in the face
avere una brutta faccia, una faccia stanca — (aspetto) to look a bit off colour, tired
3) (superficie) face4) (lato) face, side (anche fig.)le -ce di una medaglia, moneta — the sides of a medal, coin
l'altra faccia della luna — the hidden face o dark side of the moon
l'altra faccia di qcs. — the other side of sth
••di o in faccia a opposite, in front of; guardare la morte in faccia to face up death; alla faccia! good God! alla faccia dell'uguaglianza! so much for equality! fare qcs. alla faccia di to do sth. in the teeth of; cambiare faccia to change expression; avere la faccia di fare qcs. to be cheeky enough to do sth.; fare le -ce to pull o make a face, to sulk; fare la o una faccia lunga to pull a long face; gettare in faccia a qcn. to throw at sb. [oggetto, sfida]; perdere, salvare la faccia to lose, save face; guardare in faccia la realtà to face reality; non guardare in faccia nessuno to go ahead o to do what one wants regardless of anyone else; dire qcs. in faccia a qcn. to tell sth. to sb.'s face; a faccia in giù, in su face up, down; ridere in faccia a qcn. to laugh in sb.'s face; gli sta scritto in faccia it's written all over his face; essere o avere una (bella) faccia tosta to be cheeky, to have nerve; avere la faccia di bronzo to be as bold as brass; avere una faccia da schiaffi — to be cheeky
* * *facciapl. -ce /'fatt∫a, t∫e/ ⇒ 4sostantivo f.1 (viso) face; guardare in faccia qcn. to look sb. in the face; non ho potuto vederlo in faccia I couldn't see him from the front; avere una brutta faccia, una faccia stanca (aspetto) to look a bit off colour, tired2 fig. (persona) face; (espressione) look, expression, face; vedere -ce nuove to see new faces; non fare quella faccia! don't look like that! ha fatto una faccia strana quando mi ha visto he made a face when he saw me; ha la faccia da imbroglione he looks like a trickster; fare una faccia offesa to have a hurt expression3 (superficie) face; sulla faccia della terra on the face of the earth4 (lato) face, side (anche fig.); le -ce di una medaglia, moneta the sides of a medal, coin; solido a otto -ce eight-faced solid; l'altra faccia della luna the hidden face o dark side of the moon; l'altra faccia di qcs. the other side of sth.di o in faccia a opposite, in front of; guardare la morte in faccia to face up death; alla faccia! good God! alla faccia dell'uguaglianza! so much for equality! fare qcs. alla faccia di to do sth. in the teeth of; cambiare faccia to change expression; avere la faccia di fare qcs. to be cheeky enough to do sth.; fare le -ce to pull o make a face, to sulk; fare la o una faccia lunga to pull a long face; gettare in faccia a qcn. to throw at sb. [oggetto, sfida]; perdere, salvare la faccia to lose, save face; guardare in faccia la realtà to face reality; non guardare in faccia nessuno to go ahead o to do what one wants regardless of anyone else; dire qcs. in faccia a qcn. to tell sth. to sb.'s face; a faccia in giù, in su face up, down; ridere in faccia a qcn. to laugh in sb.'s face; gli sta scritto in faccia it's written all over his face; essere o avere una (bella) faccia tosta to be cheeky, to have nerve; avere la faccia di bronzo to be as bold as brass; avere una faccia da schiaffi to be cheeky. -
5 so
soA adv1 ( so very) si, tellement ; so stupid/quickly si or tellement stupide/vite ; he's so fat he can't get in il est tellement or si gros qu'il ne peut pas rentrer ; so thin/tall etc that si or tellement maigre/grand etc que ; what's so funny? qu'est-ce qu'il y a de si drôle? ; not so ○ thin/tall as pas aussi maigre/grand que [person] ; he's not so stern a father as yours ce n'est pas un père aussi sévère que le tien ; not so good a plumber pas un aussi bon plombier ; not nearly so expensive as your pen pas du tout aussi cher que ton stylo ; I'm not feeling so good ○ je ne me sens pas très bien ; ⇒ as ;3 ( to limited extent) we can only work so fast and no faster nous ne pouvons vraiment pas travailler plus vite ; you can only do so much (and no more) tu ne peux rien faire de plus ;4 ( in such a way) so arranged/worded that organisé/rédigé d'une telle façon que ; walk so marchez comme ça ; and so on and so forth et ainsi de suite ; just as X is equal to Y, so A is equal to B soit X égale Y, A égale B ; just as you need him, so he needs you tout comme tu as besoin de lui, il a besoin de toi ; just as in the 19th century, so today tout comme au XIXe siècle, aujourd'hui ; so be it! soit! ; she likes everything to be just so elle aime que les choses soient parfaitement en ordre ;5 ( for that reason) so it was that c'est ainsi que ; she was young and so lacked experience elle était jeune et donc sans expérience ; she was tired and so went to bed elle était fatiguée donc elle est allée se coucher ;7 ( also) aussi ; so is she/do I etc elle/moi etc aussi ; if they accept so do I s'ils acceptent, j'accepte aussi ;9 ( as introductory remark) so there you are te voilà donc ; so that's the reason voilà donc pourquoi ; so you're going are you? alors tu y vas? ;10 ( avoiding repetition) he's conscientious, perhaps too much so il est consciencieux, peut-être même trop ; he's the owner or so he claims c'est le propriétaire du moins c'est ce qu'il prétend ; he dived and as he did so… il a plongé et en le faisant… ; he opened the drawer and while he was so occupied… il a ouvert le tiroir et pendant qu'il était en train de le faire… ; perhaps so c'est possible ; I believe so je crois ; so I believe c'est ce que je crois ; I'm afraid so j'ai bien peur que oui or si ; so it would appear c'est ce qu'il semble ; so to speak si je puis dire ; I told you so je te l'avais bien dit ; so I see je le vois bien ; I think/don't think so je pense/ne pense pas ; who says so? qui dit ça? ; he said so c'est ce qu'il a dit ; we hope so nous espérons bien ; only more so mais encore plus ; the question is unsettled and will remain so la question n'est pas résolue et ne le sera pas ;11 sout ( referring forward or back) yes if you so wish oui si vous le voulez ; if you so wish you may… si vous le souhaitez, vous pouvez… ;12 ( reinforcing a statement) ‘I thought you liked it?’-‘so I do’ ‘je croyais que ça te plaisait’-‘mais ça me plaît’ ; ‘it's broken’-‘so it is’ ‘c'est cassé’-‘je le vois bien!’ ; ‘I'd like to go to the ball’-‘so you shall’ ‘j'aimerais aller au bal’-‘tu iras’ ; ‘I'm sorry’-‘so you should be’ ‘je suis désolé’-‘j'espère bien’ ; it just so happens that il se trouve justement que ;13 ○ ( refuting a statement) ‘he didn't hit you’-‘he did so!’ ‘il ne t'a pas frappé?’-‘si, il m'a frappé’ ; I can so make waffles si, je sais faire les gaufres ;14 ○ ( as casual response) et alors ; ‘I'm leaving’-‘so?’ ‘je m'en vais’-‘et alors?’ ; so why worry! et alors, il n'y pas de quoi t'en faire!1 ( in such a way that) de façon à ce que (+ subj) ; she wrote the instructions so that they'd be easily understood elle a rédigé les instructions de façon à ce qu'elles soient faciles à comprendre ;2 ( in order that) pour que ; she fixed the party for 8 so that he could come elle a prévu la soirée pour 8 heures pour qu'il puisse venir ; be quiet so I can work tais-toi que je puisse travailler.C so as conj phr pour ; so as to attract attention/not to disturb people pour attirer l'attention/ne pas déranger les gens.1 ( also so many) ( such large quantity) tant de [sugar, friends] ; so much of her life une si grande partie de sa vie ; so many of her friends un si grand nombre de ses amis ; so much of the information une large partie des renseignements ; ⇒ ever ;2 ( also so many) ( in comparisons) to behave like so many schoolgirls se conduire comme des écolières ; tossed like so much flotsam balloté comme des épaves flottantes ;3 ( also so many) ( limited amount) I can only make so much bread ou so many loaves je ne peux pas faire plus de pains ; I can pay so much je peux payer tant ; there's only so much you can take il y a des limites à ce qu'on peut supporter ;4 ( to such an extent) tellement ; so much worse tellement pire ; to like/hate sth so much that aimer/détester qch tellement que ; she worries so much elle s'inquiète tellement ; he was so much like his sister il ressemblait tellement à sa sœur ; so much so that à un tel point que ; thank you so much merci beaucoup ;5 ( in contrasts) not so much X as Y moins X que Y ; it wasn't so much shocking as depressing c'était moins choquant que déprimant ; it doesn't annoy me so much as surprise me ça m'agace moins que ça ne me surprend ; ⇒ much.E so much as adv phr ( even) même ; he never so much as apologized il ne s'est même pas excusé ; ⇒ without.1 ( having finished with) so much for that problem, now for… assez parlé de ce problème, parlons maintenant de… ;2 ○ ( used disparagingly) so much for equality/liberalism bonjour l'égalité/le libéralisme ○ ; so much for saying you'd help c'était bien la peine de dire que tu aiderais. -
6 so
so [səʊ]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. adverb2. conjunction3. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. adverb• so easy/quickly si facile/rapidement• is it really so tiring? est-ce vraiment si fatigant ?• do you really need so long? vous faut-il vraiment autant de temps ?► so... (that) si... que• he was so nervous (that) he could hardly write il était si nerveux qu'il pouvait à peine écrire► so... as to do sth assez... pour faire qch• he was so stupid as to tell her il a été assez stupide pour lui raconter► not so... as pas aussi... queb. ( = very, to a great extent) tellement• I'm so tired! je suis tellement fatigué !• Elizabeth, who so loved France Elizabeth, qui aimait tant la Francec. (unspecified amount) how tall is he? -- oh, about so tall (accompanied by gesture) quelle taille fait-il ? -- oh, à peu près comme çad. ( = thus, in this way) ainsi• so it was that... c'est ainsi que...• it so happened that... il s'est trouvé que...• how long will it take? -- a week or so combien de temps cela va-t-il prendre ? -- une semaine environ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Note that pour que is followed by the subjunctive.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• he arranged the timetable so that the afternoons were free il a organisé l'emploi du temps de façon à laisser les après-midi libresf. (used as substitute for phrase, word) so I believe c'est ce que je crois• is that so? ah bon !• if that is so... s'il en est ainsi...• I told you so! je te l'avais bien dit !• so it seems! apparemment !• he said they would be there and so they were il a dit qu'ils seraient là, et en effet ils y étaient• so do I!• so have I!• so am I! moi aussi !• if you do that so will I si tu fais ça, j'en ferai autant• it's raining -- so it is! il pleut -- en effet !• I didn't say that! -- you did so! (inf) je n'ai pas dit ça ! -- mais si, tu l'as dit !• I'm not going, so there! je n'y vais pas, là !2. conjunctiona. ( = therefore) donc• he was late, so he missed the train il est arrivé en retard et a donc manqué le train• the roads are busy so be careful il y a beaucoup de circulation, alors fais bien attentionb. (exclamatory) so there he is! le voilà donc !• so you're selling it? alors vous le vendez ?• so he's come at last! il est donc enfin arrivé !• and so you see... alors comme vous voyez...3. compounds(plural so-and-sos)• Mr/Mrs So-and-so Monsieur/Madame Untel* * *[səʊ] 1.1) ( so very) si, tellementnot so (colloq) thin as — pas aussi maigre que
I'm not feeling so good — (colloq) je ne me sens pas très bien
2) ( to limited extent)3) ( in such a way)just as in the 19th century, so today — tout comme au XIXe siècle, aujourd'hui
4) ( for that reason)5) ( true)6) ( also) aussiif they accept so do I — s'ils acceptent, j'accepte aussi
7) (colloq) ( thereabouts) environ8) ( as introductory remark)9) ( avoiding repetition)he's conscientious, perhaps too much so — il est consciencieux, peut-être même trop
he dived and as he did so... — il a plongé et en le faisant...
I'm afraid so — j'ai bien peur que oui or si
10) sout ( referring forward or back)if you so wish you may... — si vous le souhaitez, vous pouvez...
11) ( reinforcing a statement)‘I thought you liked it?’ - ‘so I do’ — ‘je croyais que ça te plaisait’ - ‘mais ça me plaît’
‘it's broken’ - ‘so it is’ — ‘c'est cassé’ - ‘je le vois bien!’
‘I'm sorry’ - ‘so you should be’ — ‘je suis désolé’ - ‘j'espère bien’
12) (colloq) ( refuting a statement)‘he didn't hit you’ - ‘he did so!’ — ‘il ne t'a pas frappé?’ - ‘si, il m'a frappé’
I can so make waffles — si, je sais faire les gaufres
13) (colloq) ( as casual response) et alors‘I'm leaving’ - ‘so?’ — ‘je m'en vais’ - ‘et alors?’
2.so why worry! — et alors, il n'y pas de quoi t'en faire!
so (that) conjunctional phrase1) ( in such a way that) de façon à ce queshe wrote the instructions so that they'd be easily understood — elle a rédigé les instructions de façon à ce qu'elles soient faciles à comprendre
2) ( in order that) pour que3.so as conjunctional phrase pour4.so much adverbial phrase, pronominal phrase1) (also so many) ( such large quantity) tant de2) (also so many) ( limited amount)3) ( to such an extent) tellement4) ( in contrasts)5.so much as adverbial phrase ( even) même6.so much for prepositional phrase1) ( having finished with)so much for that problem, now for... — assez parlé de ce problème, parlons maintenant de...
2) (colloq) ( used disparagingly)7.so long as (colloq) conjunctional phrase long••so long! — (colloq) à bientôt!
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7 alla faccia dell'uguaglianza!
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8 Women
A paradox exists regarding the equality of women in Portuguese society. Although the Constitution of 1976 gave women full equality in rights, and the right to vote had already been granted under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano during the Estado Novo, a gap existed between legal reality and social practice. In many respects, the last 30 years have brought important social and political changes with benefits for women. In addition to the franchise, women won—at least on paper—equal property-owning rights and the right of freedom of movement (getting passports, etc.). The workforce and the electorate afforded a much larger role for women, as more than 45 percent of the labor force and more than 50 percent of the electorate are women. More women than ever attend universities, and they play a larger role in university student bodies. Also, more than ever before, they are represented in the learned professions. In politics, a woman served briefly as prime minister in 1979-80: Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo. Women are members of government cabinets ("councils"); women are in the judicial system, and, in the late 1980s, some 25 women were elected members of parliament (Assembly of the Republic). Moreover, women are now members of the police and armed forces, and some women, like Olympic marathoner Rosa Mota, are top athletes.Portuguese feminists participated in a long struggle for equality in all phases of life. An early such feminist was Ana de Castro Osório (1872-1935), a writer and teacher. Another leader in Portugal's women's movement, in a later generation, was Maria Lamas (18931983). Despite the fact that Portugal lacked a strong women's movement, women did resist the Estado Novo, and some progress occurred during the final phase of the authoritarian regime. In the general elections of 1969, women were granted equal voting rights for the first time. Nevertheless, Portuguese women still lacked many of the rights of their counterparts in other Western European countries. A later generation of feminists, symbolized by the three women writers known as "The Three Marias," made symbolic protests through their sensational writings. In 1972, a book by the three women writers, all born in the late 1930s or early 1940s (Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa), was seized by the government and the authors were arrested and put on trial for their writings and outspoken views, which included the assertion of women's rights to sexual and reproductive freedom.The Revolution of 25 April 1974 overthrew the Estado Novo and established in law, if not fully in actual practice in society, a full range of rights for women. The paradox in Portuguese society was that, despite the fact that sexual equality was legislated "from the top down," a gap remained between what the law said and what happened in society. Despite the relatively new laws and although women now played a larger role in the workforce, women continued to suffer discrimination and exclusion. Strong pressures remained for conformity to old ways, a hardy machismo culture continued, and there was elitism as well as inequality among classes. As the 21st century commenced, women played a more prominent role in society, government, and culture, but the practice of full equality was lacking, and the institutions of the polity, including the judicial and law enforcement systems, did not always carry out the law. -
9 discriminación salarial
(n.) = pay discrimination, pay inequality, wage discrimination, salary discriminationEx. Job evaluation should become more common in industry as a defence against pay discrimination.Ex. Pay inequality appeared to be a much greater obstacle in the private than the public sector.Ex. In addition to issues of undervaluation of the library profession, the focus is on intraoccupational intentional wage discrimination.Ex. Salary discrimination against women librarians and the campaign for equality is discussed with reference to the American Library Association.* * *(n.) = pay discrimination, pay inequality, wage discrimination, salary discriminationEx: Job evaluation should become more common in industry as a defence against pay discrimination.
Ex: Pay inequality appeared to be a much greater obstacle in the private than the public sector.Ex: In addition to issues of undervaluation of the library profession, the focus is on intraoccupational intentional wage discrimination.Ex: Salary discrimination against women librarians and the campaign for equality is discussed with reference to the American Library Association. -
10 za
1. prep + inst1) (z tyłu, poza) behindza drzwiami/domem — behind the door/house
2) (w kolejności, następstwie) after3) (przyczyna czynności) for2. prep + acc1) (na tył, poza) behind2)chwytać (chwycić pf) kogoś za rękę — to grab sb's hand
3) (cel działania) forwznosić (wznieść pf) toast za czyjeś powodzenia — to drink (a toast) to sb's success
4) (= po jakimś czasie) in5) (wymieniając na) forza to, że dałaś mi wykształcenie — in return for giving me my education
6) (zastępując) in place of3. adv1) (= zbytnio) tooza wcześnie/szybko — too early/quickly
za dużo — too much/many
2)co za film! — what a film! -
11 igualdad
f.1 equality (equivalencia).en igualdad de condiciones on equal termsigualdad de derechos equal rightsigualdad de oportunidades equal opportunities2 sameness.3 equation.* * *1 equality2 (de superficie) levelness\en igualdad de condiciones,... all things being equal,...estar en igualdad de condiciones to be on equal termsigualdad de derechos equal rightsigualdad de oportunidades equal opportunities* * *noun f.* * *SF1) (=equivalencia) equalityen igualdad de condiciones — on an equal basis, on an equal footing
2) (=uniformidad) [de superficie] evenness; [de rasgos, formas] similarity* * *femenino equality* * *= equity, parity, equality, equitability.Ex. It covers selected news reports which include the president's programme, power for youth services workers, pay equity, and equity in information services.Ex. The two cases perhaps indicate the beginning of attitudinal changes in awards administrators which will give parity of esteem to information-driven programmes.Ex. The national ethos is much more egalitarian than it was and more and more appeals can successfully be made to the argument of equality in political discussion.Ex. These variables ensured equitability by virtue of enabling each department to acquire the same percentage of the literature published in its field.----* concienciacion de la igualdad de sexos = gender awareness.* directiva sobre la igualdad de trato = equal treatment directive.* en condiciones de igualdad = on an equal footing, on equal terms, on an equal basis.* en igualdad de condiciones = other things being equal, on equal terms, one of equals, ceteris paribus, in a tie, on an equal footing, on an equal basis.* en igualdad de condiciones para todos los sexos = gender-equitable.* estar en igualdad de condiciones con = be on (an) equal footing with.* igualdad de acceso = equity of access.* igualdad de condiciones para todos = levelling of the playing field.* igualdad de derechos = equal rights, equality of rights.* igualdad de género = gender equality, sex equality, sexual equality.* igualdad de oportunidad en el trabajo = equal employment opportunity.* igualdad de oportunidades = equal opportunity, equality of opportunities, equity of opportunity.* igualdad de poder = parity of power.* igualdad de retribución = equal pay.* igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de valor comparable = equal pay for equal work, equal pay for comparable work.* igualdad de tratamiento = fairness.* igualdad de trato = equal treatment.* igualdad entre las razas = race equality.* igualdad entre los sexos = gender equality, sex equality, sexual equality.* igualdad racial = race equality, racial equality.* igualdad retributiva = equal pay.* igualdad social = social equity.* leyes sobre la igualdad = equity laws.* principio de igualdad, el = egalitarian principle, the.* * *femenino equality* * *= equity, parity, equality, equitability.Ex: It covers selected news reports which include the president's programme, power for youth services workers, pay equity, and equity in information services.
Ex: The two cases perhaps indicate the beginning of attitudinal changes in awards administrators which will give parity of esteem to information-driven programmes.Ex: The national ethos is much more egalitarian than it was and more and more appeals can successfully be made to the argument of equality in political discussion.Ex: These variables ensured equitability by virtue of enabling each department to acquire the same percentage of the literature published in its field.* concienciacion de la igualdad de sexos = gender awareness.* directiva sobre la igualdad de trato = equal treatment directive.* en condiciones de igualdad = on an equal footing, on equal terms, on an equal basis.* en igualdad de condiciones = other things being equal, on equal terms, one of equals, ceteris paribus, in a tie, on an equal footing, on an equal basis.* en igualdad de condiciones para todos los sexos = gender-equitable.* estar en igualdad de condiciones con = be on (an) equal footing with.* igualdad de acceso = equity of access.* igualdad de condiciones para todos = levelling of the playing field.* igualdad de derechos = equal rights, equality of rights.* igualdad de género = gender equality, sex equality, sexual equality.* igualdad de oportunidad en el trabajo = equal employment opportunity.* igualdad de oportunidades = equal opportunity, equality of opportunities, equity of opportunity.* igualdad de poder = parity of power.* igualdad de retribución = equal pay.* igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de valor comparable = equal pay for equal work, equal pay for comparable work.* igualdad de tratamiento = fairness.* igualdad de trato = equal treatment.* igualdad entre las razas = race equality.* igualdad entre los sexos = gender equality, sex equality, sexual equality.* igualdad racial = race equality, racial equality.* igualdad retributiva = equal pay.* igualdad social = social equity.* leyes sobre la igualdad = equity laws.* principio de igualdad, el = egalitarian principle, the.* * *A (equidad) equalitylibertad, igualdad, fraternidad liberty, equality, fraternityigualdad de oportunidades/derechos equal opportunities/rightspor primera vez se enfrentaban en igualdad de condiciones for the first time they faced each other on equal terms o on an equal footingB ( Mat) equation* * *
igualdad sustantivo femenino
equality;
en igualdad de condiciones on equal terms
igualdad sustantivo femenino
1 (de trato) equality: exigimos igualdad de oportunidades para los minusválidos, we demand equality of opportunity for handicapped people
igualdad ante la ley, equality before the law
en igualdad de condiciones, on equal terms
2 (coincidencia, parecido) similarity: hay mucha igualdad entre ambos equipos, there is a lot of similarity between the two teams
' igualdad' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
consonancia
- estar
- identidad
- oportunidad
- pie
English:
arm's length
- equal
- equality
- footing
- lobby
- minority
- parity
- sameness
- par
- pay
* * *igualdad nf1. [equivalencia] equality;la igualdad ante la ley equality before the law;piden un trato de igualdad they are asking for equal treatment;en igualdad de condiciones on equal terms;para garantizar la igualdad de condiciones in order to ensure a level playing field;en pie de igualdad on an equal footingigualdad de derechos equal rights;igualdad de oportunidades equal opportunities;igualdad de retribuciones equal pay;igualdad de sexos sexual equality2. [identidad] sameness3. Mat equation* * *f equality* * *igualdad nf1) : equality2) uniformidad: evenness, uniformity* * *igualdad n equality -
12 liberté
liberté [libεʀte]1. feminine nouna. freedom• mise en liberté [de prisonnier] release• être/remettre en liberté to be/set free• liberté, égalité, fraternité liberty, equality, fraternityb. ( = loisir) moments de liberté free momentsc. ( = absence de contrainte) liberté de langage freedom of language2. compounds* * *libɛʀte1) (condition, état) freedom [U]liberté, égalité, fraternité — Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
2) ( latitude) freedom [U]n'avoir aucune liberté de manœuvre — to have no room for manoeuvre GB ou maneuver US
3) ( hardiesse) freedom4) ( droit) freedomliberté de pensée/d'expression — freedom of thought/of expression
•Phrasal Verbs:* * *libɛʀte1. nf1) freedommettre en liberté [personne, animal] — to set free, [prisonnier] to release
Il a été mis en liberté au bout d'un an de prison. — He was released after a year in prison.
2) (= latitude) freedom2. libertés nfpl(= privautés) liberties* * *liberté nf1 (condition, état) freedom ¢; choisir la liberté to choose freedom; recouvrer la liberté to regain one's freedom; amour de la liberté love of freedom; vive la liberté! long live freedom!; lutter pour la liberté to fight for freedom; Statue de la liberté Statue of Liberty; liberté, égalité, fraternité Liberty, Equality, Fraternity; élever des animaux en liberté to raise animals in a natural habitat; espèce vivant en liberté species living wild; être en liberté to be free; l'assassin est toujours en liberté the killer is still at large;2 ( latitude) freedom ¢; peu de/trop de liberté little/too much freedom; en toute liberté with complete freedom; liberté d'action/de mouvement/de choix freedom of action/of movement/of choice; donner à qn la liberté de faire to give sb freedom to do; avoir sa liberté to be free; avoir toute liberté pour faire to be quite free to do; n'avoir aucune liberté de manœuvre to have no room for manoeuvre GB ou maneuver US; ne pas avoir une grande liberté de choix not to have much choice;3 ( hardiesse) freedom; liberté de ton outspokenness; une liberté qui frise l'impertinence outspokenness bordering on impertinence; liberté d'esprit independence of mind; s'exprimer avec une étonnante liberté to be remarkably outspoken; prendre la liberté de faire to take the liberty of doing; prendre des libertés avec qn/qch to take liberties with sb/sth;4 ( droit) freedom; liberté de pensée/d'expression/d'opinion/de parole freedom of thought/of expression/of opinion/of speech; libertés individuelles/fondamentales individual/fundamental liberties; porter atteinte aux libertés to undermine civil liberties.liberté d'association Jur, Pol freedom of association; liberté civile Jur civil liberty; liberté conditionnelle Jur parole; mettre qn en liberté conditionnelle Jur to release sb on parole; liberté de conscience Pol freedom of conscience; liberté de l'enseignement Jur freedom of choice in education; liberté d'installation Jur, UE freedom of establishment; liberté de la presse Pol freedom of the press; liberté des prix Comm, Jur free prices (pl); liberté provisoire Jur provisional release (pending trial); en liberté provisoire provisionally released; mettre en liberté provisoire to release provisionally; mise en liberté provisoire provisional release; liberté surveillée Jur probation; en liberté surveillée on probation; mise en liberté surveillée release on probation; mettre en liberté surveillée to release on probation; liberté du travail Jur freedom of contract; libertés publiques Jur, Pol civil liberties; libertés syndicales Jur, Pol trade union rights.[libɛrte] nom fémininle pays de la liberté the land of the free ou of freedomliberté conditionnelle ou sur parole (release on) paroleêtre mis en liberté provisoire to be granted bail, to be released on bailliberté d'association/du travail right of association/to workliberté du culte/d'opinion/de mouvement freedom of worship/thought/movementliberté d'entreprise free enterprise, right to set up a businessliberté de la presse/d'expression freedom of the press/of speechLiberté, Égalité, Fraternité Liberty, Equality, Fraternity (motto of the French Revolution and, today, of France)3. [indépendance] freedomliberté de jugement/de pensée freedom of judgment/thoughtavoir toute liberté pour décider to be totally free ou to have full freedom to decidereprendre sa liberté [sentimentale] to regain one's freedom4. [temps libre] free time5. [désinvolture, irrévérence]il y a une trop grande liberté dans la traduction the translation is not close enough to the original ou is too free6. ÉCONOMIEinstaurer la liberté des prix to end ou to abolish price controls————————libertés nom féminin plurielatteinte aux/défense des libertés attack on/defence of civil liberties2. [privautés]prendre ou se permettre des libertés avec quelqu'un to take liberties with somebodyj'ai pris quelques libertés avec la recette I took a few liberties with ou I didn't stick entirely to the recipe————————en liberté locution adjectivale & locution adverbialea. [personne] to be free ou at largeb. [animal] to be free ou in the wilden toute liberté locution adverbiale -
13 aecus
aequus ( aecus, Pac. 32 Rib.; Lucr. 5, 1023 Lachm. and Munro; AIQVOS, S. C. de Bacch. 1. 26), a, um, adj. [formerly referred to EIKÔ, eoika, but Pott connects it with Sanscr. ēka = one, as if properly, one and uniform; others consider it as akin to aemulor, q. v.].I.A.. Of place, that extends or lies in a horizontal direction, plain, even, level, flat (esp. freq. in the strategic descriptions of the histt.;B. 1.syn.: planus, aequalis, aequabilis, par, similis, justus): locus ad libellam aequus,
level, Varr. R. R. 1, 6 fin.:aequus et planus locus,
Cic. Caec. 17 fin.:in aequum locum se demittere,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28: legio, quae paulo aequiore loco constiterat, id. ib. 7, 51:in aequum locum deducere,
Sall. J. 42 (cf. in Gr. eis to isoW katabainein, Xen. Anab. 4, 6, 18).— Trop.:sive loquitur ex inferiore loco sive aequo sive ex superiore,
i. e. before the judges, sitting on raised seats, or in the Senate, or in the assembly of the people from the rostra, Cic. de Or. 3, 6, 23:meos multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos cum tuā summā laude,
from the tribune, and on private matters, id. Fam. 3, 8.—In the histt., sometimes subst.: aequum, i, n., with a gen., level ground, a plain:facilem in aequo campi victoriam fore,
Liv. 5, 38:ut primum agmen aequo, ceteri per acclive jugum insurgerent,
Tac. Agr. 35:in aequum digredi,
id. ib. 18:in aequo obstare,
id. ib. 36; id. H. 4, 23.—Also, an eminence, if it rises without inequalities:dum Romanae cohortes in aequum eniterentur,
up the slope, Tac. A. 2, 80.—As a level place is more favorable for military operations than an uneven one, aequus has the signif.,Of place:2.locum se aequum ad dimicandum dedisse,
Caes. B. C. 3, 73:etsi non aequum locum videbat suis,
Nep. Milt. 5, 4:non hic silvas nec paludes, sed aequis locis aequos deos,
Tac. A. 1, 68. —Of time: judicium aequiore tempore fieri oportere, more propitious, Cic. Corn. Fragm. ap. Ascon. p. 72:3.et tempore et loco aequo,
Liv. 26, 3:tempore aequo,
Suet. Caes. 35.—In gen., of persons or things (freq. and class.), favorable, kind, friendly, benevolent, etc.; constr. absol. with dat., or in and acc. (in poets in with abl.).(α).Absol.:(β).consequeris, ut eos ipsos, quos contra statuas, aequos placatosque dimittas,
Cic. Or. 10, 34:nobilitate inimica, non aequo senatu,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 3 med.:meis aequissimis utuntur auribus,
id. Fam. 7, 33:oculis aspicere aequis,
Verg. A. 4, 372:O dominum aequum et bonum,
Suet. Aug. 53:boni et aequi et faciles domini,
id. Tib. 29.—With dat.:(γ).aequa Venus Teucris, Pallas iniqua fuit,
Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 6; id. A. A. 2, 310.—With in and acc.:(δ).quis hoc statuit, quod aequum sit in Quintium, id iniquum esse in Maevium,
Cic. Quint. 14.—With in and abl.:4.victor erat quamvis, aequus in hoste fuit,
Prop. 4, 18, 28.—Hence,aequus, i, m. subst., a friend:II.ego ut me tibi amicissimum esse et aequi et iniqui intellegant, curabo,
both friends and enemies, Cic. Fam. 3, 6 fin.:aequis iniquisque persuasum erat,
Liv. 5, 45.That is equal to another in any quality, equal, like; and of things divided into two equal parts, a half:1.aequo censu censeri,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 92:partīs,
Lucr. 3, 125; so Aur. Vict. Orig. 19, 1; and Vulg. 1 Reg. 30, 24:aequa erit mensura sagorum,
ib. Exod. 26, 8:pondera,
ib. Lev. 19, 36:portio,
ib. 2 Mach. 8, 30:aequa dementia,
Lucr. 1, 705 al.:aequā manu discedere,
to come off with equal advantage, Sall. C. 39; so,aequo Marte pugnare,
with equal success, Liv. 2, 6; Curt. 4, 15, 29; Flor. 4, 2, 48 al.:urbs erat in summo nubibus aequa jugo,
Ov. P. 4, 7, 24:aequum vulnus utrique tulit,
id. M. 9, 719 (cf. id. ib. 7, 803:aequales urebant pectora flammae): sequiturque patrem non passibus aequis,
Verg. A. 2, 724:pars aequa mundi,
Plin. 2, 19, 17, § 81:utinam esset mihi pars aequa amoris tecum, i. e. aeque vicissim amaremus,
Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 12:non tertiam portionem, verum aequam,
Plin. 3, 1, 1, § 5 al. —Hence the adverbial phrases,Ex aequo, in like manner, in an equal degree, equally ( = ex isou, Hdt., Dem.), Lucr. 1, 854:2.dixit et ex aequo donis formaque probata, etc.,
Ov. H. 16, 87; 20, 123; id. Am. 1, 10, 33; id. A. A. 2, 682; id. M. 3, 145; 4, 62; Liv. 36, 37:adversarum rerum ex aequo socii sunt (Fosi Cheruscis), cum in secundis minores fuissent,
Tac. G. 36 fin. —In aequo esse or stare, to be equal:B.qui cogit mori nolentem, in aequo est, quique properantem impedit,
Sen. Phoen. 98:ut naturam oderint, quod infra deos sumus, quod non in aequo illis stetimus,
id. Ben. 2, 29: in aequo ponere aliquem alicui, to make equal, to put on an equality, to compare:in aequo eum (Philopoemenem) summis imperatoribus posuerunt,
Liv. 39, 50 fin. —Morally.1.Of persons, fair, equitable, impartial in conduct toward others (diff. from justus, just; v. aequitas, II.); constr. absol., with dat.; more rarely with gen.:2.praetor aequus et sapiens,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 65; 2, 5, 59:aequissimus aestimator et judex,
id. Fin. 3, 2:praebere se aequum alicui,
id. Fam. 2, 1:absentium aequi, praesentibus mobiles,
benevolent toward, Tac. A. 6, 36.—Of things, fair, right, equitable, reasonable: ITA. SENATVS. AIQVOM. CENSVIT., S. C. de Bach. 1. 26: et aecum et rectum est, Pac. ap. Non. 261, 13 (Trag. Rel. p. 81 Rib.):3.aequa et honesta postulatio,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 2:quod justum est et aequum, servis praestate,
just and fair, Vulg. Col. 4, 1:postulo primum id, quod aequissimum est, ut, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 2:aequa lex et omnibus utilis,
id. Balb. 27:aequissimis legibus monere,
Aur. Vict. Caes. 9, 5:aequae conditiones,
Vell. 2, 25; see Fischer, Gr. II. 611.—Hence,ae-quum, i, n. subst., what is fair, equitable, or just; fairness, equity, or justice, etc.: jus atque aequum, Enn. ap. Non. p. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):4.utilitas justi prope mater et aequi,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 98:aequi studium,
Aur. Vict. Caes. 24, 6.—Often with comparatives, more than is right, proper, reasonable:lamentari amplius aequo,
Lucr. 3, 966:injurias gravius aequo habere,
to feel too deeply, Sall. C. 50:potus largius aequo,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 215.—Hence, aequum est, it is reasonable, proper, right, etc.; constr. with acc. and inf., in good prose also with dat. pers. and ut, Rudd. II. p. 235, n. 21: nos quiescere aequom est, Enn. ap. Diom. p. 382 P. (Trag. v. 199 Vahl.):quae liberum scire aequom est adulescentem,
Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 25:significant Imbecillorum esse aecum misererier omnīs,
Lucr. 5, 1023:non est aequum nos derelinquere verbum Dei,
Vulg. Act. 6, 2:aequius est mori quam auctoritatem imperii foedare,
Aur. Vict. Epit. 12, 7:ut peritis? Ut piscatorem aequomst (sc. perire), fame sitique speque,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 7; so,sicut aequum est homini de potestate deorum timide et pauca dicamus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 16, 47.—In Plaut., with abl.:plus vidissem quam med atque illo aequom foret,
would be becoming in me and him, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 84; id. Rud. prol. 47.—Aequum as subst. very freq. with bonum = aequitas, equitable conduct toward others, fairness, equity, etc.:C.neque quidquam queo aequi bonique ab eo impetrare,
what is right and just, Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 65:cum de jure civili, cum de aequo et bono disputaretur,
Cic. Brut. 38:ex aequo et bono, non ex callido versutoque jure rem judicari oportere,
id. Caecin. 23:fit reus magis ex aequo bonoque quam ex jure gentium,
in accordance with justice and equity, Sall. J. 35.— Also without et:illi dolum malum, illi fidem bonam, illi aequum bonum tradiderunt,
Cic. Top. 17.—So also, aequius melius, according to greater equily, Cic. Off. 3, 15; id. Top. 17.—Of a state of mind, even, unruffled, calm, composed, tranquil, patient, enduring (cf. aequitas, II. B.);1.esp. freq. with animus or mens: animus aequos optumum est aerumnae condimentum,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 71:concedo et quod animus aequus est et quia necesse est,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 50:quodadest memento Componere aequus,
Hor. C. 3, 29, 32:tentantem majora, fere praesentibus aequum,
id. Ep. 1, 17, 24;and so, aequam memento rebus in arduis Servare mentem, etc.,
id. C. 2, 3, 1.—Esp. freq. in the adv. abl.: aequo (aequiore, aequissimo) animo, with even mind, with equanimity, patiently, calmly, quietly, with forbearance: ego, nisi Bibulus adniteretur de triumpho, aequo animo essem, nunc vero aischron siôpan, Cic. Att. 6, 8:carere aequo animo aliquā re,
id. Brut. 6:ferre aliquid,
Nep. Dion. 6, 7; Aur. Vict. Orig. 6, 3:accipere,
Sall. C. 3, 2:tolerare,
id. J. 31:quo aequiore animo Germanicus celerem successionem operiretur,
Suet. Tib. 25:testem se in judiciis interrogari aequissimo animo patiebatur,
id. Aug. 56.—In eccl. Lat. = bono animo:aequo animo esto,
be of good cheer, Vulg. 3 Reg. 21, 7:aequo animo (aliquis) est? Psallat,
ib. Jacob. 5, 13.—Hence: aequi bonique facere aliquid, to regard as fair and reasonable (prop., a gen. of value, Roby, § 1191), to put up with, be content with, submit to, acquiesce in, etc.:istuc aequi bonique facio,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 40: tranquillissimus animus meus totum istuc aequi boni [p. 59] facit, Cic. Att. 7, 7; Liv. 34, 22 fin.:aequi istuc faciam,
it will be all the same to me, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 189.—So also:aequi bonique dicere,
to propose any thing reasonable, Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 32.—Hence, aequē, adv., in like manner, equally, just as = ex aequo, pariter, Gr. isôs, omoiôs (indicating the entire equality of two objects compared, while similiter denotes only likeness):eā (benevolentiā) non pariter omnes egemus... honore et gloriā fortasse non aeque omnes egent,
Cic. Off. 2, 8, 30:non possum ego non aut proxime atque ille aut etiam aeque laborare,
id. Fam. 9, 13, 2:universa aeque eveniunt justo et impio,
Vulg. Eccl. 9, 2.In the comic poets with cum or the comp. abl. (cf. adaeque); in Cic. and good class. authors gen. with et, atque, ac, ac si; less class. with quam, ut, quam ut; in Petr. with tamquam.(α).Aeque—cum:(β).animum advorte, ut aeque mecum haec scias,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 66, id. Poen. prol. 47: novi aeque omnia tecum, Ter Phorm. 5, 9, 43. But in Plaut. As. 4, 1, 26, tecum una postea aeque pocla potitet, una belongs with tecum to potitet, and aeque is put absol. (sc. ut tu).—Aeque with comp. abl.:(γ).nullus est hoc meticulosus aeque,
as this person, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 137:qui me in terrā aeque fortunatus erit,
id. Curc. 1, 2, 51.—Aeque—et or aeque— que (as in Gr. ison kai, isa kai, Soph. Oed. Tyr. 611;(δ).Thuc. 3, 14). nisi aeque amicos et nosmet ipsos diligamus,
equally as ourselves, Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 67. versūs aeque prima et media et extrema pars attenditur, id. de Or. 3, 50, 192; id. Rosc. Com. 1, 2; so id. Mur. 13, 28; id. Clu. 69, 195, id. Tusc. 2, 26, 62 al.:quod Aeque neglectum pueris senibusque nocebit,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 26.—Aeque—atque, —ac, —ac si, as... as; as much as, as: vide ne, quem tu esse hebetem deputes aeque ac pecus, is, etc., Att. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 22, 45: pumex non aeque aridus atque hic est senex, Plaut Aul. 2, 4, 18; Ter. Phorm 1, 2, 43; Varr. R. R. 3, 8, 2:(ε).nisi haberes, qui illis aeque ac tu ipse gauderet,
Cic. Lael. 6, 22:sed me colit et observat aeque atque patronum suum,
id. Fam. 13, 69; 2, 2; so id. Brut. 71, 248; id. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; Cels. 6, 15; Tac. H. 4, 5; Suet. Caes. 12 al.: aeque ac si. with the subj., just as if. altogether as if:Egnatii absentis rem ut tueare, aeque a te peto ac si mea negotia essent,
Cic. Fam. 13, 43, 3; Auct Her 2, 13, 19: quo factum est, ut jumenta aeque nitida ex castellis educeret ac si in campestribus ea locis habuisset, Nep Eum. 5. 6; Liv. 10, 7, 4; 44, 22, 5 al.—Aeque— quam (only in Plaut. and prose writers from the Aug. per.;(ζ).neither in Cic. nor in Cæs.),
as... as, in the same manner as, as well... as, like, Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 55;nullum esse agrum aeque feracem quam hic est,
id. Epid. 2, 3, 1:nihil aeque eos terruit quam robur et color imperatoris,
Liv. 28, 26, 14, 5, 6, 11; so 5, 3, 4; 31, 1, 3;in navibus posita aeque quam in aedificiis,
Plin. 2, 81, 83, § 196; so 2, 70, 72, § 180; Tac. A. 14, 38; id. H. 2, 10; 4, 52; Suet. Aug. 64, 89; id. Galb. 4 al.—Aeque—ut, a rare combination, and unworthy of imitation (in authors of the class. per. its reception rests, for the most part, upon false readings for aeque et or aeque ac), as much as, like, cui nihil aeque in causis agendis ut brevitas placet, Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 1 Keil. accinctus aeque ut discinctus, Vulg. 3 Reg. 20, 11. Possidebitis eam (terram) singuli aeque ut frater suus, ib. Ezech. 47, 14:(η).idemque proficeret aeque ut rosaceum,
Plin. 23, 4, 45, § 89, where Jan reads proficeret quod rosaceum. —In Plaut. once aeque—quasi for the class. aeque ac. quem videam aeque esse maestum quasi dies si dicta sit, Plaut. As. 5, 1, 11 Fleck.—Sometimes aeque—aeque, as well as, as much as. aeque pauperibus prodest, locupletibus aeque, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 25:2.aeque discordiam praepositorum, aeque concordiam subjectis exitiosam,
Tac. Agr. 15.—The comparison is often to be supplied from the whole sentence or context; hence, aeque stands absol. for aeque ac, etc. (ante-class. freq.; also in Cic. and Liv.), equally, as much as, as: eadem oratio non aeque valet, Enn. ap. Gell. 11, 4 (from Eurip. Hec. 295: logos... ou tauton sthenei):3.satin habes, si feminarum nullast quam aeque diligam?
Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 11: Aetna mons non aeque altus, id. Mil. 4, 2, 73; 4, 7, 10; id. Most. 1, 3, 85, etc.; Ter. Phorm. 3, 3, 32; Cic. Fam. 4, 6, 1; so id. ib. 5, 21; id. Fin. 4, 33, 62:aeque sons,
Liv. 29, 19, 2;so 29, 19, 4 al.: aeque non est dubium,
it is as little doubtful, Plin. 2, 15, 13, § 68.—With omnes, uterque, and definite numerals, to indicate that a thing applies equally to all the objects designated, equally:4.non omnia eadem aeque omnibus suavia esse scito,
Plaut. As. 3, 3, 51; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 2; so Cic. Off. 2, 8, 31; id. Fin. 4, 27, 75 al.:etsi utrique nostrum prope aeque gratae erant (litterae),
id. Fam. 13, 18; so id. Quint. 28, 86; Verg. G. 3, 118; Ov. Tr. 3, 8, 33; id. Fast. 1, 226:aeque ambo pares,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 60:duae trabes aeque longae,
Caes. B. C. 2, 10; Suet. Aug. 101. —Sometimes absol., with several substantives, alike, equally:5.Tragici et comici Numquam aeque sunt meditati,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 2, 4. imperium bonus ignavus aeque sibi exoptant, Sall. C. 11.—In Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 42, nec est mihi quisquam, melius aeque cui velim, melius velle is, perhaps, to be taken together as a phrase, and the comp. considered as used in a restricted sense, as in melius est. Others consider the comp. as used for the simple positive; cf. adaeque.—B.Justly, with equity:► An old adverb.mihi id aeque factum arbitror,
Plaut. Mil. 5, 22 dub. (Ritschl: jureque id factum arbitror).— Comp.: ferro quam fame aequius perituros, more willingly, Sall. H. Fragm.— Sup.:aequissime jus dicere,
Aur. Vict. Epit. 11, 2:judicas ut qui aequissime,
Sid. 15, Ep. 11.form, aequĭter, also occurs: praeda per participes aequiter partita est, Liv. Andr. ap. Non. 512, 31; so Pac. ib., Att. ib., and Plaut. acc. to Prisc. 1010 P. -
14 aequum
aequus ( aecus, Pac. 32 Rib.; Lucr. 5, 1023 Lachm. and Munro; AIQVOS, S. C. de Bacch. 1. 26), a, um, adj. [formerly referred to EIKÔ, eoika, but Pott connects it with Sanscr. ēka = one, as if properly, one and uniform; others consider it as akin to aemulor, q. v.].I.A.. Of place, that extends or lies in a horizontal direction, plain, even, level, flat (esp. freq. in the strategic descriptions of the histt.;B. 1.syn.: planus, aequalis, aequabilis, par, similis, justus): locus ad libellam aequus,
level, Varr. R. R. 1, 6 fin.:aequus et planus locus,
Cic. Caec. 17 fin.:in aequum locum se demittere,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28: legio, quae paulo aequiore loco constiterat, id. ib. 7, 51:in aequum locum deducere,
Sall. J. 42 (cf. in Gr. eis to isoW katabainein, Xen. Anab. 4, 6, 18).— Trop.:sive loquitur ex inferiore loco sive aequo sive ex superiore,
i. e. before the judges, sitting on raised seats, or in the Senate, or in the assembly of the people from the rostra, Cic. de Or. 3, 6, 23:meos multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos cum tuā summā laude,
from the tribune, and on private matters, id. Fam. 3, 8.—In the histt., sometimes subst.: aequum, i, n., with a gen., level ground, a plain:facilem in aequo campi victoriam fore,
Liv. 5, 38:ut primum agmen aequo, ceteri per acclive jugum insurgerent,
Tac. Agr. 35:in aequum digredi,
id. ib. 18:in aequo obstare,
id. ib. 36; id. H. 4, 23.—Also, an eminence, if it rises without inequalities:dum Romanae cohortes in aequum eniterentur,
up the slope, Tac. A. 2, 80.—As a level place is more favorable for military operations than an uneven one, aequus has the signif.,Of place:2.locum se aequum ad dimicandum dedisse,
Caes. B. C. 3, 73:etsi non aequum locum videbat suis,
Nep. Milt. 5, 4:non hic silvas nec paludes, sed aequis locis aequos deos,
Tac. A. 1, 68. —Of time: judicium aequiore tempore fieri oportere, more propitious, Cic. Corn. Fragm. ap. Ascon. p. 72:3.et tempore et loco aequo,
Liv. 26, 3:tempore aequo,
Suet. Caes. 35.—In gen., of persons or things (freq. and class.), favorable, kind, friendly, benevolent, etc.; constr. absol. with dat., or in and acc. (in poets in with abl.).(α).Absol.:(β).consequeris, ut eos ipsos, quos contra statuas, aequos placatosque dimittas,
Cic. Or. 10, 34:nobilitate inimica, non aequo senatu,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 3 med.:meis aequissimis utuntur auribus,
id. Fam. 7, 33:oculis aspicere aequis,
Verg. A. 4, 372:O dominum aequum et bonum,
Suet. Aug. 53:boni et aequi et faciles domini,
id. Tib. 29.—With dat.:(γ).aequa Venus Teucris, Pallas iniqua fuit,
Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 6; id. A. A. 2, 310.—With in and acc.:(δ).quis hoc statuit, quod aequum sit in Quintium, id iniquum esse in Maevium,
Cic. Quint. 14.—With in and abl.:4.victor erat quamvis, aequus in hoste fuit,
Prop. 4, 18, 28.—Hence,aequus, i, m. subst., a friend:II.ego ut me tibi amicissimum esse et aequi et iniqui intellegant, curabo,
both friends and enemies, Cic. Fam. 3, 6 fin.:aequis iniquisque persuasum erat,
Liv. 5, 45.That is equal to another in any quality, equal, like; and of things divided into two equal parts, a half:1.aequo censu censeri,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 92:partīs,
Lucr. 3, 125; so Aur. Vict. Orig. 19, 1; and Vulg. 1 Reg. 30, 24:aequa erit mensura sagorum,
ib. Exod. 26, 8:pondera,
ib. Lev. 19, 36:portio,
ib. 2 Mach. 8, 30:aequa dementia,
Lucr. 1, 705 al.:aequā manu discedere,
to come off with equal advantage, Sall. C. 39; so,aequo Marte pugnare,
with equal success, Liv. 2, 6; Curt. 4, 15, 29; Flor. 4, 2, 48 al.:urbs erat in summo nubibus aequa jugo,
Ov. P. 4, 7, 24:aequum vulnus utrique tulit,
id. M. 9, 719 (cf. id. ib. 7, 803:aequales urebant pectora flammae): sequiturque patrem non passibus aequis,
Verg. A. 2, 724:pars aequa mundi,
Plin. 2, 19, 17, § 81:utinam esset mihi pars aequa amoris tecum, i. e. aeque vicissim amaremus,
Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 12:non tertiam portionem, verum aequam,
Plin. 3, 1, 1, § 5 al. —Hence the adverbial phrases,Ex aequo, in like manner, in an equal degree, equally ( = ex isou, Hdt., Dem.), Lucr. 1, 854:2.dixit et ex aequo donis formaque probata, etc.,
Ov. H. 16, 87; 20, 123; id. Am. 1, 10, 33; id. A. A. 2, 682; id. M. 3, 145; 4, 62; Liv. 36, 37:adversarum rerum ex aequo socii sunt (Fosi Cheruscis), cum in secundis minores fuissent,
Tac. G. 36 fin. —In aequo esse or stare, to be equal:B.qui cogit mori nolentem, in aequo est, quique properantem impedit,
Sen. Phoen. 98:ut naturam oderint, quod infra deos sumus, quod non in aequo illis stetimus,
id. Ben. 2, 29: in aequo ponere aliquem alicui, to make equal, to put on an equality, to compare:in aequo eum (Philopoemenem) summis imperatoribus posuerunt,
Liv. 39, 50 fin. —Morally.1.Of persons, fair, equitable, impartial in conduct toward others (diff. from justus, just; v. aequitas, II.); constr. absol., with dat.; more rarely with gen.:2.praetor aequus et sapiens,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 65; 2, 5, 59:aequissimus aestimator et judex,
id. Fin. 3, 2:praebere se aequum alicui,
id. Fam. 2, 1:absentium aequi, praesentibus mobiles,
benevolent toward, Tac. A. 6, 36.—Of things, fair, right, equitable, reasonable: ITA. SENATVS. AIQVOM. CENSVIT., S. C. de Bach. 1. 26: et aecum et rectum est, Pac. ap. Non. 261, 13 (Trag. Rel. p. 81 Rib.):3.aequa et honesta postulatio,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 2:quod justum est et aequum, servis praestate,
just and fair, Vulg. Col. 4, 1:postulo primum id, quod aequissimum est, ut, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 2:aequa lex et omnibus utilis,
id. Balb. 27:aequissimis legibus monere,
Aur. Vict. Caes. 9, 5:aequae conditiones,
Vell. 2, 25; see Fischer, Gr. II. 611.—Hence,ae-quum, i, n. subst., what is fair, equitable, or just; fairness, equity, or justice, etc.: jus atque aequum, Enn. ap. Non. p. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):4.utilitas justi prope mater et aequi,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 98:aequi studium,
Aur. Vict. Caes. 24, 6.—Often with comparatives, more than is right, proper, reasonable:lamentari amplius aequo,
Lucr. 3, 966:injurias gravius aequo habere,
to feel too deeply, Sall. C. 50:potus largius aequo,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 215.—Hence, aequum est, it is reasonable, proper, right, etc.; constr. with acc. and inf., in good prose also with dat. pers. and ut, Rudd. II. p. 235, n. 21: nos quiescere aequom est, Enn. ap. Diom. p. 382 P. (Trag. v. 199 Vahl.):quae liberum scire aequom est adulescentem,
Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 25:significant Imbecillorum esse aecum misererier omnīs,
Lucr. 5, 1023:non est aequum nos derelinquere verbum Dei,
Vulg. Act. 6, 2:aequius est mori quam auctoritatem imperii foedare,
Aur. Vict. Epit. 12, 7:ut peritis? Ut piscatorem aequomst (sc. perire), fame sitique speque,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 7; so,sicut aequum est homini de potestate deorum timide et pauca dicamus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 16, 47.—In Plaut., with abl.:plus vidissem quam med atque illo aequom foret,
would be becoming in me and him, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 84; id. Rud. prol. 47.—Aequum as subst. very freq. with bonum = aequitas, equitable conduct toward others, fairness, equity, etc.:C.neque quidquam queo aequi bonique ab eo impetrare,
what is right and just, Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 65:cum de jure civili, cum de aequo et bono disputaretur,
Cic. Brut. 38:ex aequo et bono, non ex callido versutoque jure rem judicari oportere,
id. Caecin. 23:fit reus magis ex aequo bonoque quam ex jure gentium,
in accordance with justice and equity, Sall. J. 35.— Also without et:illi dolum malum, illi fidem bonam, illi aequum bonum tradiderunt,
Cic. Top. 17.—So also, aequius melius, according to greater equily, Cic. Off. 3, 15; id. Top. 17.—Of a state of mind, even, unruffled, calm, composed, tranquil, patient, enduring (cf. aequitas, II. B.);1.esp. freq. with animus or mens: animus aequos optumum est aerumnae condimentum,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 71:concedo et quod animus aequus est et quia necesse est,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 50:quodadest memento Componere aequus,
Hor. C. 3, 29, 32:tentantem majora, fere praesentibus aequum,
id. Ep. 1, 17, 24;and so, aequam memento rebus in arduis Servare mentem, etc.,
id. C. 2, 3, 1.—Esp. freq. in the adv. abl.: aequo (aequiore, aequissimo) animo, with even mind, with equanimity, patiently, calmly, quietly, with forbearance: ego, nisi Bibulus adniteretur de triumpho, aequo animo essem, nunc vero aischron siôpan, Cic. Att. 6, 8:carere aequo animo aliquā re,
id. Brut. 6:ferre aliquid,
Nep. Dion. 6, 7; Aur. Vict. Orig. 6, 3:accipere,
Sall. C. 3, 2:tolerare,
id. J. 31:quo aequiore animo Germanicus celerem successionem operiretur,
Suet. Tib. 25:testem se in judiciis interrogari aequissimo animo patiebatur,
id. Aug. 56.—In eccl. Lat. = bono animo:aequo animo esto,
be of good cheer, Vulg. 3 Reg. 21, 7:aequo animo (aliquis) est? Psallat,
ib. Jacob. 5, 13.—Hence: aequi bonique facere aliquid, to regard as fair and reasonable (prop., a gen. of value, Roby, § 1191), to put up with, be content with, submit to, acquiesce in, etc.:istuc aequi bonique facio,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 40: tranquillissimus animus meus totum istuc aequi boni [p. 59] facit, Cic. Att. 7, 7; Liv. 34, 22 fin.:aequi istuc faciam,
it will be all the same to me, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 189.—So also:aequi bonique dicere,
to propose any thing reasonable, Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 32.—Hence, aequē, adv., in like manner, equally, just as = ex aequo, pariter, Gr. isôs, omoiôs (indicating the entire equality of two objects compared, while similiter denotes only likeness):eā (benevolentiā) non pariter omnes egemus... honore et gloriā fortasse non aeque omnes egent,
Cic. Off. 2, 8, 30:non possum ego non aut proxime atque ille aut etiam aeque laborare,
id. Fam. 9, 13, 2:universa aeque eveniunt justo et impio,
Vulg. Eccl. 9, 2.In the comic poets with cum or the comp. abl. (cf. adaeque); in Cic. and good class. authors gen. with et, atque, ac, ac si; less class. with quam, ut, quam ut; in Petr. with tamquam.(α).Aeque—cum:(β).animum advorte, ut aeque mecum haec scias,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 66, id. Poen. prol. 47: novi aeque omnia tecum, Ter Phorm. 5, 9, 43. But in Plaut. As. 4, 1, 26, tecum una postea aeque pocla potitet, una belongs with tecum to potitet, and aeque is put absol. (sc. ut tu).—Aeque with comp. abl.:(γ).nullus est hoc meticulosus aeque,
as this person, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 137:qui me in terrā aeque fortunatus erit,
id. Curc. 1, 2, 51.—Aeque—et or aeque— que (as in Gr. ison kai, isa kai, Soph. Oed. Tyr. 611;(δ).Thuc. 3, 14). nisi aeque amicos et nosmet ipsos diligamus,
equally as ourselves, Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 67. versūs aeque prima et media et extrema pars attenditur, id. de Or. 3, 50, 192; id. Rosc. Com. 1, 2; so id. Mur. 13, 28; id. Clu. 69, 195, id. Tusc. 2, 26, 62 al.:quod Aeque neglectum pueris senibusque nocebit,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 26.—Aeque—atque, —ac, —ac si, as... as; as much as, as: vide ne, quem tu esse hebetem deputes aeque ac pecus, is, etc., Att. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 22, 45: pumex non aeque aridus atque hic est senex, Plaut Aul. 2, 4, 18; Ter. Phorm 1, 2, 43; Varr. R. R. 3, 8, 2:(ε).nisi haberes, qui illis aeque ac tu ipse gauderet,
Cic. Lael. 6, 22:sed me colit et observat aeque atque patronum suum,
id. Fam. 13, 69; 2, 2; so id. Brut. 71, 248; id. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; Cels. 6, 15; Tac. H. 4, 5; Suet. Caes. 12 al.: aeque ac si. with the subj., just as if. altogether as if:Egnatii absentis rem ut tueare, aeque a te peto ac si mea negotia essent,
Cic. Fam. 13, 43, 3; Auct Her 2, 13, 19: quo factum est, ut jumenta aeque nitida ex castellis educeret ac si in campestribus ea locis habuisset, Nep Eum. 5. 6; Liv. 10, 7, 4; 44, 22, 5 al.—Aeque— quam (only in Plaut. and prose writers from the Aug. per.;(ζ).neither in Cic. nor in Cæs.),
as... as, in the same manner as, as well... as, like, Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 55;nullum esse agrum aeque feracem quam hic est,
id. Epid. 2, 3, 1:nihil aeque eos terruit quam robur et color imperatoris,
Liv. 28, 26, 14, 5, 6, 11; so 5, 3, 4; 31, 1, 3;in navibus posita aeque quam in aedificiis,
Plin. 2, 81, 83, § 196; so 2, 70, 72, § 180; Tac. A. 14, 38; id. H. 2, 10; 4, 52; Suet. Aug. 64, 89; id. Galb. 4 al.—Aeque—ut, a rare combination, and unworthy of imitation (in authors of the class. per. its reception rests, for the most part, upon false readings for aeque et or aeque ac), as much as, like, cui nihil aeque in causis agendis ut brevitas placet, Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 1 Keil. accinctus aeque ut discinctus, Vulg. 3 Reg. 20, 11. Possidebitis eam (terram) singuli aeque ut frater suus, ib. Ezech. 47, 14:(η).idemque proficeret aeque ut rosaceum,
Plin. 23, 4, 45, § 89, where Jan reads proficeret quod rosaceum. —In Plaut. once aeque—quasi for the class. aeque ac. quem videam aeque esse maestum quasi dies si dicta sit, Plaut. As. 5, 1, 11 Fleck.—Sometimes aeque—aeque, as well as, as much as. aeque pauperibus prodest, locupletibus aeque, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 25:2.aeque discordiam praepositorum, aeque concordiam subjectis exitiosam,
Tac. Agr. 15.—The comparison is often to be supplied from the whole sentence or context; hence, aeque stands absol. for aeque ac, etc. (ante-class. freq.; also in Cic. and Liv.), equally, as much as, as: eadem oratio non aeque valet, Enn. ap. Gell. 11, 4 (from Eurip. Hec. 295: logos... ou tauton sthenei):3.satin habes, si feminarum nullast quam aeque diligam?
Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 11: Aetna mons non aeque altus, id. Mil. 4, 2, 73; 4, 7, 10; id. Most. 1, 3, 85, etc.; Ter. Phorm. 3, 3, 32; Cic. Fam. 4, 6, 1; so id. ib. 5, 21; id. Fin. 4, 33, 62:aeque sons,
Liv. 29, 19, 2;so 29, 19, 4 al.: aeque non est dubium,
it is as little doubtful, Plin. 2, 15, 13, § 68.—With omnes, uterque, and definite numerals, to indicate that a thing applies equally to all the objects designated, equally:4.non omnia eadem aeque omnibus suavia esse scito,
Plaut. As. 3, 3, 51; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 2; so Cic. Off. 2, 8, 31; id. Fin. 4, 27, 75 al.:etsi utrique nostrum prope aeque gratae erant (litterae),
id. Fam. 13, 18; so id. Quint. 28, 86; Verg. G. 3, 118; Ov. Tr. 3, 8, 33; id. Fast. 1, 226:aeque ambo pares,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 60:duae trabes aeque longae,
Caes. B. C. 2, 10; Suet. Aug. 101. —Sometimes absol., with several substantives, alike, equally:5.Tragici et comici Numquam aeque sunt meditati,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 2, 4. imperium bonus ignavus aeque sibi exoptant, Sall. C. 11.—In Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 42, nec est mihi quisquam, melius aeque cui velim, melius velle is, perhaps, to be taken together as a phrase, and the comp. considered as used in a restricted sense, as in melius est. Others consider the comp. as used for the simple positive; cf. adaeque.—B.Justly, with equity:► An old adverb.mihi id aeque factum arbitror,
Plaut. Mil. 5, 22 dub. (Ritschl: jureque id factum arbitror).— Comp.: ferro quam fame aequius perituros, more willingly, Sall. H. Fragm.— Sup.:aequissime jus dicere,
Aur. Vict. Epit. 11, 2:judicas ut qui aequissime,
Sid. 15, Ep. 11.form, aequĭter, also occurs: praeda per participes aequiter partita est, Liv. Andr. ap. Non. 512, 31; so Pac. ib., Att. ib., and Plaut. acc. to Prisc. 1010 P. -
15 aequus
aequus ( aecus, Pac. 32 Rib.; Lucr. 5, 1023 Lachm. and Munro; AIQVOS, S. C. de Bacch. 1. 26), a, um, adj. [formerly referred to EIKÔ, eoika, but Pott connects it with Sanscr. ēka = one, as if properly, one and uniform; others consider it as akin to aemulor, q. v.].I.A.. Of place, that extends or lies in a horizontal direction, plain, even, level, flat (esp. freq. in the strategic descriptions of the histt.;B. 1.syn.: planus, aequalis, aequabilis, par, similis, justus): locus ad libellam aequus,
level, Varr. R. R. 1, 6 fin.:aequus et planus locus,
Cic. Caec. 17 fin.:in aequum locum se demittere,
Caes. B. G. 7, 28: legio, quae paulo aequiore loco constiterat, id. ib. 7, 51:in aequum locum deducere,
Sall. J. 42 (cf. in Gr. eis to isoW katabainein, Xen. Anab. 4, 6, 18).— Trop.:sive loquitur ex inferiore loco sive aequo sive ex superiore,
i. e. before the judges, sitting on raised seats, or in the Senate, or in the assembly of the people from the rostra, Cic. de Or. 3, 6, 23:meos multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos cum tuā summā laude,
from the tribune, and on private matters, id. Fam. 3, 8.—In the histt., sometimes subst.: aequum, i, n., with a gen., level ground, a plain:facilem in aequo campi victoriam fore,
Liv. 5, 38:ut primum agmen aequo, ceteri per acclive jugum insurgerent,
Tac. Agr. 35:in aequum digredi,
id. ib. 18:in aequo obstare,
id. ib. 36; id. H. 4, 23.—Also, an eminence, if it rises without inequalities:dum Romanae cohortes in aequum eniterentur,
up the slope, Tac. A. 2, 80.—As a level place is more favorable for military operations than an uneven one, aequus has the signif.,Of place:2.locum se aequum ad dimicandum dedisse,
Caes. B. C. 3, 73:etsi non aequum locum videbat suis,
Nep. Milt. 5, 4:non hic silvas nec paludes, sed aequis locis aequos deos,
Tac. A. 1, 68. —Of time: judicium aequiore tempore fieri oportere, more propitious, Cic. Corn. Fragm. ap. Ascon. p. 72:3.et tempore et loco aequo,
Liv. 26, 3:tempore aequo,
Suet. Caes. 35.—In gen., of persons or things (freq. and class.), favorable, kind, friendly, benevolent, etc.; constr. absol. with dat., or in and acc. (in poets in with abl.).(α).Absol.:(β).consequeris, ut eos ipsos, quos contra statuas, aequos placatosque dimittas,
Cic. Or. 10, 34:nobilitate inimica, non aequo senatu,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 3 med.:meis aequissimis utuntur auribus,
id. Fam. 7, 33:oculis aspicere aequis,
Verg. A. 4, 372:O dominum aequum et bonum,
Suet. Aug. 53:boni et aequi et faciles domini,
id. Tib. 29.—With dat.:(γ).aequa Venus Teucris, Pallas iniqua fuit,
Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 6; id. A. A. 2, 310.—With in and acc.:(δ).quis hoc statuit, quod aequum sit in Quintium, id iniquum esse in Maevium,
Cic. Quint. 14.—With in and abl.:4.victor erat quamvis, aequus in hoste fuit,
Prop. 4, 18, 28.—Hence,aequus, i, m. subst., a friend:II.ego ut me tibi amicissimum esse et aequi et iniqui intellegant, curabo,
both friends and enemies, Cic. Fam. 3, 6 fin.:aequis iniquisque persuasum erat,
Liv. 5, 45.That is equal to another in any quality, equal, like; and of things divided into two equal parts, a half:1.aequo censu censeri,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 92:partīs,
Lucr. 3, 125; so Aur. Vict. Orig. 19, 1; and Vulg. 1 Reg. 30, 24:aequa erit mensura sagorum,
ib. Exod. 26, 8:pondera,
ib. Lev. 19, 36:portio,
ib. 2 Mach. 8, 30:aequa dementia,
Lucr. 1, 705 al.:aequā manu discedere,
to come off with equal advantage, Sall. C. 39; so,aequo Marte pugnare,
with equal success, Liv. 2, 6; Curt. 4, 15, 29; Flor. 4, 2, 48 al.:urbs erat in summo nubibus aequa jugo,
Ov. P. 4, 7, 24:aequum vulnus utrique tulit,
id. M. 9, 719 (cf. id. ib. 7, 803:aequales urebant pectora flammae): sequiturque patrem non passibus aequis,
Verg. A. 2, 724:pars aequa mundi,
Plin. 2, 19, 17, § 81:utinam esset mihi pars aequa amoris tecum, i. e. aeque vicissim amaremus,
Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 12:non tertiam portionem, verum aequam,
Plin. 3, 1, 1, § 5 al. —Hence the adverbial phrases,Ex aequo, in like manner, in an equal degree, equally ( = ex isou, Hdt., Dem.), Lucr. 1, 854:2.dixit et ex aequo donis formaque probata, etc.,
Ov. H. 16, 87; 20, 123; id. Am. 1, 10, 33; id. A. A. 2, 682; id. M. 3, 145; 4, 62; Liv. 36, 37:adversarum rerum ex aequo socii sunt (Fosi Cheruscis), cum in secundis minores fuissent,
Tac. G. 36 fin. —In aequo esse or stare, to be equal:B.qui cogit mori nolentem, in aequo est, quique properantem impedit,
Sen. Phoen. 98:ut naturam oderint, quod infra deos sumus, quod non in aequo illis stetimus,
id. Ben. 2, 29: in aequo ponere aliquem alicui, to make equal, to put on an equality, to compare:in aequo eum (Philopoemenem) summis imperatoribus posuerunt,
Liv. 39, 50 fin. —Morally.1.Of persons, fair, equitable, impartial in conduct toward others (diff. from justus, just; v. aequitas, II.); constr. absol., with dat.; more rarely with gen.:2.praetor aequus et sapiens,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 65; 2, 5, 59:aequissimus aestimator et judex,
id. Fin. 3, 2:praebere se aequum alicui,
id. Fam. 2, 1:absentium aequi, praesentibus mobiles,
benevolent toward, Tac. A. 6, 36.—Of things, fair, right, equitable, reasonable: ITA. SENATVS. AIQVOM. CENSVIT., S. C. de Bach. 1. 26: et aecum et rectum est, Pac. ap. Non. 261, 13 (Trag. Rel. p. 81 Rib.):3.aequa et honesta postulatio,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 2:quod justum est et aequum, servis praestate,
just and fair, Vulg. Col. 4, 1:postulo primum id, quod aequissimum est, ut, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 2:aequa lex et omnibus utilis,
id. Balb. 27:aequissimis legibus monere,
Aur. Vict. Caes. 9, 5:aequae conditiones,
Vell. 2, 25; see Fischer, Gr. II. 611.—Hence,ae-quum, i, n. subst., what is fair, equitable, or just; fairness, equity, or justice, etc.: jus atque aequum, Enn. ap. Non. p. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):4.utilitas justi prope mater et aequi,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 98:aequi studium,
Aur. Vict. Caes. 24, 6.—Often with comparatives, more than is right, proper, reasonable:lamentari amplius aequo,
Lucr. 3, 966:injurias gravius aequo habere,
to feel too deeply, Sall. C. 50:potus largius aequo,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 215.—Hence, aequum est, it is reasonable, proper, right, etc.; constr. with acc. and inf., in good prose also with dat. pers. and ut, Rudd. II. p. 235, n. 21: nos quiescere aequom est, Enn. ap. Diom. p. 382 P. (Trag. v. 199 Vahl.):quae liberum scire aequom est adulescentem,
Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 25:significant Imbecillorum esse aecum misererier omnīs,
Lucr. 5, 1023:non est aequum nos derelinquere verbum Dei,
Vulg. Act. 6, 2:aequius est mori quam auctoritatem imperii foedare,
Aur. Vict. Epit. 12, 7:ut peritis? Ut piscatorem aequomst (sc. perire), fame sitique speque,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 7; so,sicut aequum est homini de potestate deorum timide et pauca dicamus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 16, 47.—In Plaut., with abl.:plus vidissem quam med atque illo aequom foret,
would be becoming in me and him, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 84; id. Rud. prol. 47.—Aequum as subst. very freq. with bonum = aequitas, equitable conduct toward others, fairness, equity, etc.:C.neque quidquam queo aequi bonique ab eo impetrare,
what is right and just, Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 65:cum de jure civili, cum de aequo et bono disputaretur,
Cic. Brut. 38:ex aequo et bono, non ex callido versutoque jure rem judicari oportere,
id. Caecin. 23:fit reus magis ex aequo bonoque quam ex jure gentium,
in accordance with justice and equity, Sall. J. 35.— Also without et:illi dolum malum, illi fidem bonam, illi aequum bonum tradiderunt,
Cic. Top. 17.—So also, aequius melius, according to greater equily, Cic. Off. 3, 15; id. Top. 17.—Of a state of mind, even, unruffled, calm, composed, tranquil, patient, enduring (cf. aequitas, II. B.);1.esp. freq. with animus or mens: animus aequos optumum est aerumnae condimentum,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 71:concedo et quod animus aequus est et quia necesse est,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 50:quodadest memento Componere aequus,
Hor. C. 3, 29, 32:tentantem majora, fere praesentibus aequum,
id. Ep. 1, 17, 24;and so, aequam memento rebus in arduis Servare mentem, etc.,
id. C. 2, 3, 1.—Esp. freq. in the adv. abl.: aequo (aequiore, aequissimo) animo, with even mind, with equanimity, patiently, calmly, quietly, with forbearance: ego, nisi Bibulus adniteretur de triumpho, aequo animo essem, nunc vero aischron siôpan, Cic. Att. 6, 8:carere aequo animo aliquā re,
id. Brut. 6:ferre aliquid,
Nep. Dion. 6, 7; Aur. Vict. Orig. 6, 3:accipere,
Sall. C. 3, 2:tolerare,
id. J. 31:quo aequiore animo Germanicus celerem successionem operiretur,
Suet. Tib. 25:testem se in judiciis interrogari aequissimo animo patiebatur,
id. Aug. 56.—In eccl. Lat. = bono animo:aequo animo esto,
be of good cheer, Vulg. 3 Reg. 21, 7:aequo animo (aliquis) est? Psallat,
ib. Jacob. 5, 13.—Hence: aequi bonique facere aliquid, to regard as fair and reasonable (prop., a gen. of value, Roby, § 1191), to put up with, be content with, submit to, acquiesce in, etc.:istuc aequi bonique facio,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 40: tranquillissimus animus meus totum istuc aequi boni [p. 59] facit, Cic. Att. 7, 7; Liv. 34, 22 fin.:aequi istuc faciam,
it will be all the same to me, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 189.—So also:aequi bonique dicere,
to propose any thing reasonable, Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 32.—Hence, aequē, adv., in like manner, equally, just as = ex aequo, pariter, Gr. isôs, omoiôs (indicating the entire equality of two objects compared, while similiter denotes only likeness):eā (benevolentiā) non pariter omnes egemus... honore et gloriā fortasse non aeque omnes egent,
Cic. Off. 2, 8, 30:non possum ego non aut proxime atque ille aut etiam aeque laborare,
id. Fam. 9, 13, 2:universa aeque eveniunt justo et impio,
Vulg. Eccl. 9, 2.In the comic poets with cum or the comp. abl. (cf. adaeque); in Cic. and good class. authors gen. with et, atque, ac, ac si; less class. with quam, ut, quam ut; in Petr. with tamquam.(α).Aeque—cum:(β).animum advorte, ut aeque mecum haec scias,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 66, id. Poen. prol. 47: novi aeque omnia tecum, Ter Phorm. 5, 9, 43. But in Plaut. As. 4, 1, 26, tecum una postea aeque pocla potitet, una belongs with tecum to potitet, and aeque is put absol. (sc. ut tu).—Aeque with comp. abl.:(γ).nullus est hoc meticulosus aeque,
as this person, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 137:qui me in terrā aeque fortunatus erit,
id. Curc. 1, 2, 51.—Aeque—et or aeque— que (as in Gr. ison kai, isa kai, Soph. Oed. Tyr. 611;(δ).Thuc. 3, 14). nisi aeque amicos et nosmet ipsos diligamus,
equally as ourselves, Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 67. versūs aeque prima et media et extrema pars attenditur, id. de Or. 3, 50, 192; id. Rosc. Com. 1, 2; so id. Mur. 13, 28; id. Clu. 69, 195, id. Tusc. 2, 26, 62 al.:quod Aeque neglectum pueris senibusque nocebit,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 26.—Aeque—atque, —ac, —ac si, as... as; as much as, as: vide ne, quem tu esse hebetem deputes aeque ac pecus, is, etc., Att. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 22, 45: pumex non aeque aridus atque hic est senex, Plaut Aul. 2, 4, 18; Ter. Phorm 1, 2, 43; Varr. R. R. 3, 8, 2:(ε).nisi haberes, qui illis aeque ac tu ipse gauderet,
Cic. Lael. 6, 22:sed me colit et observat aeque atque patronum suum,
id. Fam. 13, 69; 2, 2; so id. Brut. 71, 248; id. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; Cels. 6, 15; Tac. H. 4, 5; Suet. Caes. 12 al.: aeque ac si. with the subj., just as if. altogether as if:Egnatii absentis rem ut tueare, aeque a te peto ac si mea negotia essent,
Cic. Fam. 13, 43, 3; Auct Her 2, 13, 19: quo factum est, ut jumenta aeque nitida ex castellis educeret ac si in campestribus ea locis habuisset, Nep Eum. 5. 6; Liv. 10, 7, 4; 44, 22, 5 al.—Aeque— quam (only in Plaut. and prose writers from the Aug. per.;(ζ).neither in Cic. nor in Cæs.),
as... as, in the same manner as, as well... as, like, Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 55;nullum esse agrum aeque feracem quam hic est,
id. Epid. 2, 3, 1:nihil aeque eos terruit quam robur et color imperatoris,
Liv. 28, 26, 14, 5, 6, 11; so 5, 3, 4; 31, 1, 3;in navibus posita aeque quam in aedificiis,
Plin. 2, 81, 83, § 196; so 2, 70, 72, § 180; Tac. A. 14, 38; id. H. 2, 10; 4, 52; Suet. Aug. 64, 89; id. Galb. 4 al.—Aeque—ut, a rare combination, and unworthy of imitation (in authors of the class. per. its reception rests, for the most part, upon false readings for aeque et or aeque ac), as much as, like, cui nihil aeque in causis agendis ut brevitas placet, Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 1 Keil. accinctus aeque ut discinctus, Vulg. 3 Reg. 20, 11. Possidebitis eam (terram) singuli aeque ut frater suus, ib. Ezech. 47, 14:(η).idemque proficeret aeque ut rosaceum,
Plin. 23, 4, 45, § 89, where Jan reads proficeret quod rosaceum. —In Plaut. once aeque—quasi for the class. aeque ac. quem videam aeque esse maestum quasi dies si dicta sit, Plaut. As. 5, 1, 11 Fleck.—Sometimes aeque—aeque, as well as, as much as. aeque pauperibus prodest, locupletibus aeque, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 25:2.aeque discordiam praepositorum, aeque concordiam subjectis exitiosam,
Tac. Agr. 15.—The comparison is often to be supplied from the whole sentence or context; hence, aeque stands absol. for aeque ac, etc. (ante-class. freq.; also in Cic. and Liv.), equally, as much as, as: eadem oratio non aeque valet, Enn. ap. Gell. 11, 4 (from Eurip. Hec. 295: logos... ou tauton sthenei):3.satin habes, si feminarum nullast quam aeque diligam?
Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 11: Aetna mons non aeque altus, id. Mil. 4, 2, 73; 4, 7, 10; id. Most. 1, 3, 85, etc.; Ter. Phorm. 3, 3, 32; Cic. Fam. 4, 6, 1; so id. ib. 5, 21; id. Fin. 4, 33, 62:aeque sons,
Liv. 29, 19, 2;so 29, 19, 4 al.: aeque non est dubium,
it is as little doubtful, Plin. 2, 15, 13, § 68.—With omnes, uterque, and definite numerals, to indicate that a thing applies equally to all the objects designated, equally:4.non omnia eadem aeque omnibus suavia esse scito,
Plaut. As. 3, 3, 51; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 2; so Cic. Off. 2, 8, 31; id. Fin. 4, 27, 75 al.:etsi utrique nostrum prope aeque gratae erant (litterae),
id. Fam. 13, 18; so id. Quint. 28, 86; Verg. G. 3, 118; Ov. Tr. 3, 8, 33; id. Fast. 1, 226:aeque ambo pares,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 60:duae trabes aeque longae,
Caes. B. C. 2, 10; Suet. Aug. 101. —Sometimes absol., with several substantives, alike, equally:5.Tragici et comici Numquam aeque sunt meditati,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 2, 4. imperium bonus ignavus aeque sibi exoptant, Sall. C. 11.—In Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 42, nec est mihi quisquam, melius aeque cui velim, melius velle is, perhaps, to be taken together as a phrase, and the comp. considered as used in a restricted sense, as in melius est. Others consider the comp. as used for the simple positive; cf. adaeque.—B.Justly, with equity:► An old adverb.mihi id aeque factum arbitror,
Plaut. Mil. 5, 22 dub. (Ritschl: jureque id factum arbitror).— Comp.: ferro quam fame aequius perituros, more willingly, Sall. H. Fragm.— Sup.:aequissime jus dicere,
Aur. Vict. Epit. 11, 2:judicas ut qui aequissime,
Sid. 15, Ep. 11.form, aequĭter, also occurs: praeda per participes aequiter partita est, Liv. Andr. ap. Non. 512, 31; so Pac. ib., Att. ib., and Plaut. acc. to Prisc. 1010 P. -
16 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
17 be
'bi: ɡi:( abbreviation) (Bachelor of Engineering; first degree in Engineering.) licenciatura en Ingenieríabe vb1. serwhat time is it? It's 3 o'clock ¿qué hora es? Son las treswho is it? It's me ¿quién es? Soy yo2. estarhow are you? I'm fine ¿cómo estás? estoy bienwhere is Pauline? ¿dónde está Pauline?how far is it? ¿a qué distancia está?what day is it today? ¿qué día es hoy? / ¿a qué día estamos?3. tenerhow old are you? I'm 16 ¿cuántos años tienes? tengo 16 años4. costar / valer / serhow much is it? ¿cuánto cuesta? / ¿cuánto vale? / ¿cuánto es?the tickets are £15 each las entradas valen 15 libras cada una5. hacer6. haberhow many children are there? ¿cuántos niños hay?Se usa también para construir el tiempo verbal llamado present continuous que indica una acción que está pasando en estos momentoswhat are you doing? ¿qué estás haciendo? / ¿qué haces?look, it's snowing mira, está nevando
be sustantivo femenino: name of the letter b, often called be largaor grande to distinguish it from v 'be' also found in these entries: Spanish: A - abasto - abate - abismo - abotargarse - abreviar - abrirse - absoluta - absoluto - abultar - abundar - aburrir - aburrirse - acabose - acariciar - acaso - acertar - achantarse - acometer - acostada - acostado - acostumbrar - acostumbrada - acostumbrado - acreditar - activa - activo - adelantar - adelantarse - adentro - adivinarse - admirarse - adolecer - aferrarse - afianzarse - aficionada - aficionado - afligirse - agonizar - agotarse - agradecer - agua - ahogarse - ahora - aire - ajo - ala - alarmarse - alcanzar - alegrarse English: aback - abate - about - absent - accordance - account for - accountable - accustom - acquaint - action - addicted - address - adequate - adjust - admit - affiliated - afford - afraid - agenda - agree - agreement - ahead - air - airsick - alert - alive - alone - along - aloof - alphabetically - always - am - ambition - amenable - amusing - anathema - annoyance - anomaly - anxious - apologetic - appal - appall - are - arm - around - arrears - as - ashamed - aspire - assertbetr[biː]intransitive verb (pres 1ª pers am, 2ª pers sing y todas del pl are, 3ª pers sing is; pt 1ª y 3ª pers sing was, 2ª pers sing y todas del pl; pp been)2 (essential quality) ser3 (nationality) ser4 (occupation) ser5 (origin) ser6 (ownership) ser7 (authorship) ser8 (composition) ser9 (use) ser10 (location) estar11 (temporary state) estar■ how are you? ¿cómo estás?12 (age) tener13 (price) costar, valer■ a single ticket is £9.50 un billete de ida cuesta £9.5014 tener■ he's hot/cold tiene calor/frío■ we're hungry/thirsty tenemos hambre/sed1 (passive) ser■ she was arrested at the border fue detenida en la frontera, la detuvieron en la frontera■ he's hated by everybody es odiado por todos, todos lo odian■ he was discharged fue dado de alta, lo dieron de alta■ the house has been sold la casa ha sido vendida, la casa se ha vendido, han vendido la casa■ thirty children were injured treinta niños fueron heridos, treinta niños resultaron heridos■ the two areas of the town are divided by a wall las dos zonas de la ciudad están divididas por un muro1 (obligation) deber, tener que1 (future)phrase there is / there are1 hay■ is there much traffic ¿hay mucho tráfico?1 había■ were there many people? ¿había mucha gente?1 habrá1 habría■ if Mike came, there would be ten of us si viniera Mike, seríamos diez\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be about to «+ inf» estar para + inf, estar a punto de + infto be or not to be ser o no serbe ['bi:] v, was ['wəz, 'wɑz] ; were ['wər] ; been ['bɪn] ; being ; am ['æm] ; is ['ɪz] ; are ['ɑr] viJosé is a doctor: José es doctorI'm Ana's sister: soy la hermana de Anathe tree is tall: el árbol es altoyou're silly!: ¡eres tonto!she's from Managua: es de Managuait's mine: es míomy mother is at home: mi madre está en casathe cups are on the table: las tazas están en la mesato be or not to be: ser, o no serI think, therefore I am: pienso, luego existohow are you?: ¿cómo estás?I'm cold: tengo fríoshe's 10 years old: tiene 10 añosthey're both sick: están enfermos los dosbe v impersit's eight o'clock: son las ochoit's Friday: hoy es viernesit's sunny: hace solit's very dark outside: está bien oscuro afuerabe v auxwhat are you doing? -I'm working: ¿qué haces? -estoy trabajandoit was finished yesterday: fue acabado ayer, se acabó ayerit was cooked in the oven: se cocinó en el hornocan she be trusted?: ¿se puede confiar en ella?you are to stay here: debes quedarte aquíhe was to come yesterday: se esperaba que viniese ayerbev.(§ p.,p.p.: was, were, been) = estar v.(§pres: estoy, estás...) pret: estuv-•)• ser v.(§pres: soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son) subj: se-imp: er-fu-•)biːˌ weak form bi
1.
2)a) (followed by an adjective)she's French/intelligent — es francesa/inteligente
he's worried/furious — está preocupado/furioso
he's blind — es or (Esp tb) está ciego
have you never had gazpacho? it's delicious! — ¿nunca has comido gazpacho? es delicioso!
the gazpacho is delicious, did you make it yourself? — el gazpacho está delicioso ¿lo hiciste tú?
she was very rude to me — estuvo or fue muy grosera conmigo
Tony is married/divorced/single — Tony está or (esp AmL) es casado/divorciado/soltero
to be married to somebody — estar* casado con alguien
3)a) (followed by a noun) ser*who was Prime Minister at the time? — ¿quién era Primer Ministro en ese momento?
it's me/Daniel — soy yo/es Daniel
if I were you, I'd stay — yo que tú or yo en tu lugar me quedaría
b) ( play the role of) hacer* de4)how are you? — ¿cómo estás?
I'm much better — estoy or me encuentro mucho mejor
she's pregnant/tired — está embarazada/cansada
I'm cold/hot/hungry/thirsty/sleepy — tengo frío/calor/hambre/sed/sueño
b) ( talking about age) tener*how old are you? — ¿cuántos años tienes?
he's a lot older/younger — es mucho mayor/menor
c) (giving cost, measurement, weight)how much is that? - that'll be $15, please — ¿cuánto es? - (son) 15 dólares, por favor
they are $15 each — cuestan or valen 15 dólares cada una
how tall/heavy is he? — ¿cuánto mide/pesa?
5)a) (exist, live)I think, therefore I am — pienso, luego existo
to let something/somebody be — dejar tranquilo or en paz algo/a alguien
b) ( in expressions of time)don't be too long — no tardes mucho, no (te) demores mucho (esp AmL)
I'm drying my hair, I won't be long — me estoy secando el pelo, enseguida estoy
how long will dinner be? — ¿cuánto falta para la cena?
c) ( take place) ser*6) (be situated, present) estar*where is the library? — ¿dónde está or queda la biblioteca?
where are you? — ¿dónde estás?
what's in that box? — ¿qué hay en esa caja?
who's in the movie? — ¿quién actúa or trabaja en la película?
how long are you in Chicago (for)? — (colloq) ¿cuánto (tiempo) te vas a quedar en Chicago ?
7) (only in perfect tenses) ( visit) estar*have you been to the exhibition yet? — ¿ya has estado en or has ido a la exposición?
2.
v impers1)a) (talking about physical conditions, circumstances)it's sunny/cold/hot — hace sol/frío/calor
it's so noisy/quiet in here! — qué ruido/silencio hay aquí!
I have enough problems as it is, without you... — yo ya tengo suficientes problemas sin que tú encima...
b) ( in expressions of time) ser*hi, Joe, it's been a long time — qué tal, Joe, tanto tiempo (sin verte)
c) ( talking about distance) estar*it's 500 miles from here to Detroit — Detroit queda or está a 500 millas de aquí
2)a) (introducing person, object) ser*it was me who told them — fui yo quien se lo dije or dijo, fui yo el que se lo dije or dijo
b) (in conditional use) ser*if it hadn't been o had it not been for Juan, we would have been killed — si no hubiera sido por Juan or de no ser por Juan, nos habríamos matado
3.
v aux1) to be -inga) ( used to describe action in progress) estar* + gerwhat was I saying? — ¿qué estaba diciendo?
she was leaving when... — se iba cuando...
how long have you been waiting? — ¿cuánto (tiempo) hace que esperas?, ¿cuánto (tiempo) llevas esperando?
b) ( with future reference)he is o will be arriving tomorrow — llega mañana
when are you seeing her? — ¿cuándo la vas a ver or la verás?
2) (in the passive voice) ser* [The passive voice, however, is less common in Spanish than it is in English]it was built in 1903 — fue construido en 1903, se construyó en 1903, lo construyeron en 1903
she was told that... — le dijeron or se le dijo que...
it is known that... — se sabe que...
3) to be to + infa) ( with future reference)if a solution is to be found... — si se quiere encontrar or si se ha de encontrar una solución...
b) ( expressing possibility)what are we to do? — ¿qué podemos hacer?
c) ( expressing obligation) deber* + inf, tener* que + inf, haber* de + inftell her she's to stay here — dile que debe quedarse or tiene que quedarse aquí, dile que se quede aquí
am I to understand that... ? — ¿debo entender que... ?
4) ( in hypotheses)what would happen if she were o was to die? — ¿qué pasaría si ella muriera?
5)she's right, isn't she? — tiene razón, ¿no? or ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto?
so that's what you think, is it? — de manera que eso es lo que piensas
are you disappointed? - yes, I am/no, I'm not — ¿estás desilusionado? - sí (, lo estoy)/no (, no lo estoy)
she was told the news, and so was he/but I wasn't — a ella le dieron la noticia, y también a él/pero a mí no
[biː] (present am, is or are pt was or were pp been)I'm surprised, are/aren't you? — estoy sorprendido, ¿y tú?/¿tú no?
1. INTRANSITIVE VERB1) (linking nouns, noun phrases, pronouns) serit's me! — ¡soy yo!
who wants to be Hamlet? — ¿quién quiere hacer de or ser Hamlet?
if I were you... — yo en tu lugar..., yo que tú... *
2) (possession) serUse [estar] with past participles used as adjectives describing the results of an action or process:it's round/enormous — es redondo/enorme
4) (changeable or temporary state) estarshe's bored/ill — está aburrida/enferma
how are you? — ¿cómo estás?, ¿qué tal estás?
how are you now? — ¿qué tal te encuentras ahora?
In certain expressions where English uses [be] + adjective to describe feelings ([be cold]/[hot]/[hungry]/[thirsty]), Spanish uses [tener] with a noun:I'm very well, thanks — estoy muy bien, gracias
I'm cold/hot — tengo frío/calor
I'm hungry/thirsty — tengo hambre/sed
afraid, sleepy, rightbe good! — ¡pórtate bien!
5) (age)"how old is she?" - "she's nine" — -¿cuántos años tiene? -tiene nueve años
6) (=take place) ser7) (=be situated) estarit's on the table — está sobre or en la mesa
where is the Town Hall? — ¿dónde está or queda el ayuntamiento?
it's 5 km to the village — el pueblo está or queda a 5 kilómetros
we've been here for ages — hace mucho tiempo que estamos aquí, llevamos aquí mucho tiempo, estamos aquí desde hace mucho tiempo
•
here you are(, take it) — aquí tienes(, tómalo)•
there's the church — ahí está la iglesiaa) (referring to weather) hacerit's hot/cold — hace calor/frío
b) (referring to time, date etc) serwake up, it's morning — despierta, es de día
what's the date (today)? — ¿qué fecha es hoy?
But note the following alternatives with [estar]:it's 3 May or the 3rd of May — es 3 de mayo
it's 3 May or the 3rd of May — estamos a 3 de mayo
c) (asking and giving opinion) seris it certain that...? — ¿es verdad or cierto que...?
is it fair that she should be punished while...? — ¿es justo que se la castigue mientras que...?
it is possible that he'll come — es posible que venga, puede (ser) que venga
it is unbelievable that... — es increíble que...
it's not clear whether... — no está claro si...
d) (emphatic) serwhy is it that she's so successful? — ¿cómo es que tiene tanto éxito?, ¿por qué tiene tanto éxito?
it was then that... — fue entonces cuando...
9) (=exist) haberthere is/are — hay
what is (there) in that room? — ¿qué hay en esa habitación?
is there anyone at home? — ¿hay alguien en casa?
there being no alternative solution... — al no haber or no habiendo otra solución...
let there be light! — ¡hágase la luz!
See:THERE IS, THERE ARE in there10) (=cost)how much was it? — ¿cuánto costó?
the book is £20 — el libro vale or cuesta 20 libras
how much is it? — ¿cuánto es?; (when paying) ¿qué le debo? frm
11) (=visit)has the postman been? — ¿ha venido el cartero?
have you ever been to Glasgow? — ¿has estado en Glasgow alguna vez?
12) (in noun compounds) futuro•
my wife to be — mi futura esposa•
been and * —you've been and done it now! — ¡buena la has hecho! *
that dog of yours has been and dug up my flowers! — ¡tu perro ha ido y me ha destrozado las flores!
•
you're busy enough as it is — estás bastante ocupado ya con lo que tienes, ya tienes suficiente trabajo•
if it hadn't been for..., if it hadn't been for you or frm had it not been for you, we would have lost — si no hubiera sido por ti or de no haber sido por ti, habríamos perdido•
let me be! — ¡déjame en paz!•
if that's what you want to do, then so be it — si eso es lo que quieres hacer, adelante•
what is it to you? * — ¿a ti qué te importa?2. AUXILIARY VERB1) (forming passive) serThe passive is not used as often in Spanish as in English, active and reflexive constructions often being preferred:it is said that... — dicen que..., se dice que...
she was killed in a car crash — murió en un accidente de coche, resultó muerta en un accidente de coche frm
what's to be done? — ¿qué hay que hacer?
•
it's a film not to be missed — es una película que no hay que perderse•
we searched everywhere for him, but he was nowhere to be seen — lo buscamos por todas partes pero no lo encontramos en ningún sitio2) (forming continuous) estarUse the present simple to talk about planned future events and the construction to talk about intention:what are you doing? — ¿qué estás haciendo?, ¿qué haces?
"it's a pity you aren't coming with us" - "but I am coming!" — -¡qué pena que no vengas con nosotros! -¡sí que voy!
will you be seeing her tomorrow? — ¿la verás or la vas a ver mañana?
will you be needing more? — ¿vas a necesitar más?
The imperfect tense can be used for continuous action in the past: for, sinceI'll be seeing you — hasta luego, nos vemos (esp LAm)
a)"he's going to complain about you" - "oh, is he?" — -va a quejarse de ti -¿ah, sí?
"I'm worried" - "so am I" — -estoy preocupado -yo también
"I'm not ready" - "neither am I" — -no estoy listo -yo tampoco
"you're tired" - "no, I'm not" — -estás cansado -no, ¡qué va!
"you're not eating enough" - "yes I am" — -no comes lo suficiente -que sí
"they're getting married" - "oh, are they?" — (showing surprise) -se casan -¿ah, sí? or -¡no me digas!
"he isn't very happy" - "oh, isn't he?" — -no está muy contento -¿ah, no?
"he's always late, isn't he?" - "yes, he is" — -siempre llega tarde, ¿verdad? -(pues) sí
"is it what you expected?" - "no, it isn't" — -¿es esto lo que esperabas? -(pues) no
"she's pretty" - "no, she isn't" — -es guapa -¡qué va!
he's handsome, isn't he? — es guapo, ¿verdad?, es guapo, ¿no?, es guapo, ¿no es cierto?
it was fun, wasn't it? — fue divertido, ¿verdad?, fue divertido, ¿no?
she wasn't happy, was she? — no era feliz, ¿verdad?
so he's back again, is he? — así que ha vuelto, ¿eh?
you're not ill, are you? — ¿no estarás enfermo?
3. MODAL VERB(with infinitive construction)1) (=must, have to)he's not to open it — no debe abrirlo, que no lo abra
I am to do it — he de hacerlo yo, soy yo el que debe hacerlo
I wasn't to tell you his name — no podía or debía decirte su nombre
2) (=should) deberam I to understand that...? — ¿debo entender que...?
she wrote "My Life", not to be confused with Bernstein's book of the same name — escribió "Mi Vida", que no debe confundirse con la obra de Bernstein que lleva el mismo título
he was to have come yesterday — tenía que or debía haber venido ayer
3) (=will)4) (=can)if it was or were to snow... — si nevase or nevara...
BEif I were to leave the job, would you replace me? — si yo dejara el puesto, ¿me sustituirías?
"Ser" or "estar"?
You can use "ser": ► when defining or identifying by linking two nouns or noun phrases:
Paris is the capital of France París es la capital de Francia
He was the most hated man in the village Era el hombre más odiado del pueblo ► to describe essential or inherent characteristics (e.g. colour, material, nationality, race, shape, size {etc}):
His mother is German Su madre es alemana
She was blonde Era rubia ► with most impersonal expressions not involving past participles:
It is important to be on time Es importante llegar a tiempo
Está claro que is an exception:
It is obvious you don't understand Está claro que no lo entiendes ► when telling the time or talking about time or age:
It is ten o'clock Son las diez
It's very late. Let's go home Es muy tarde. Vamos a casa
He lived in the country when he was young Vivió en el campo cuando era joven ► to indicate possession or duty:
It's mine Es mío
This is your responsibility Este asunto es responsabilidad tuya ► with events in the sense of "take place":
The 1992 Olympic Games were in Barcelona Los Juegos Olímpicos de 1992 fueron en Barcelona
"Where is the exam?" - "It's in Room 1" "¿Dónde es el examen?" - "Es en el Aula Número 1" NOTE: Compare this usage with that of estar (see below) to talk about location of places, objects and people.
You can use "estar": ► to talk about location of places, objects and people:
"Where is Zaragoza?" - "It's in Spain" "¿Dónde está Zaragoza?" - "Está en España"
Your glasses are on the bedside table Tus gafas están en la mesilla de noche NOTE: But use ser with events in the sense of "take place" (see above)}. ► to talk about changeable state, condition or mood:
The teacher is ill La profesora está enferma
The coffee's cold El café está frío
How happy I am! ¡Qué contento estoy! NOTE: Feliz, however, which is seen as more permanent than contento, is used mainly with ser. ► to form progressive tenses:
We're having lunch. Is it ok if I call you later? Estamos comiendo. Te llamaré luego, ¿vale?
Both "ser" and "estar" can be used with past participles ► Use ser in {passive} constructions:
This play was written by Lorca Esta obra fue escrita por Lorca
He was shot dead (by a terrorist group) Fue asesinado a tiros (por un grupo terrorista) NOTE: The passive is not used as often in Spanish as it is in English. ► Use estar with past participles to describe the {results} of a previous action or event:
We threw them away because they were broken Los tiramos a la basura porque estaban rotos
He's dead Está muerto ► Compare the use of ser + ((past participle)) which describes {action} and estar + ((past participle)) which describes {result} in the following:
The window was broken by the firemen La ventana fue rota por los bomberos
The window was broken La ventana estaba rota
It was painted around 1925 Fue pintado hacia 1925
The floor is painted a dark colour El suelo está pintado de color oscuro ► Ser and estar are both used in impersonal expressions with past participles. As above, the use of ser implies {action} while the use of estar implies {result}:
It is understood that the work was never finished Es sabido que el trabajo nunca se llegó a terminar
It is a proven fact that vaccinations save many lives Está demostrado que las vacunas salvan muchas vidas
"Ser" and "estar" with adjectives ► Some adjectives can be used with both ser and estar but the meaning changes completely depending on the verb:
He's clever Es listo
Are you ready? ¿Estás listo?
Chemistry is boring La química es aburrida
I'm bored Estoy aburrido ► Other adjectives can also be used with both verbs but the use of ser describes a {characteristic} while the use of estar implies a {change}:
He's very handsome Es muy guapo
You look great in that dress! Estás muy guapa con ese vestido
He's slim Es delgado
You're (looking) very slim ¡Estás muy delgada! For further uses and examples, see main entry* * *[biːˌ] weak form [bi]
1.
2)a) (followed by an adjective)she's French/intelligent — es francesa/inteligente
he's worried/furious — está preocupado/furioso
he's blind — es or (Esp tb) está ciego
have you never had gazpacho? it's delicious! — ¿nunca has comido gazpacho? es delicioso!
the gazpacho is delicious, did you make it yourself? — el gazpacho está delicioso ¿lo hiciste tú?
she was very rude to me — estuvo or fue muy grosera conmigo
Tony is married/divorced/single — Tony está or (esp AmL) es casado/divorciado/soltero
to be married to somebody — estar* casado con alguien
3)a) (followed by a noun) ser*who was Prime Minister at the time? — ¿quién era Primer Ministro en ese momento?
it's me/Daniel — soy yo/es Daniel
if I were you, I'd stay — yo que tú or yo en tu lugar me quedaría
b) ( play the role of) hacer* de4)how are you? — ¿cómo estás?
I'm much better — estoy or me encuentro mucho mejor
she's pregnant/tired — está embarazada/cansada
I'm cold/hot/hungry/thirsty/sleepy — tengo frío/calor/hambre/sed/sueño
b) ( talking about age) tener*how old are you? — ¿cuántos años tienes?
he's a lot older/younger — es mucho mayor/menor
c) (giving cost, measurement, weight)how much is that? - that'll be $15, please — ¿cuánto es? - (son) 15 dólares, por favor
they are $15 each — cuestan or valen 15 dólares cada una
how tall/heavy is he? — ¿cuánto mide/pesa?
5)a) (exist, live)I think, therefore I am — pienso, luego existo
to let something/somebody be — dejar tranquilo or en paz algo/a alguien
b) ( in expressions of time)don't be too long — no tardes mucho, no (te) demores mucho (esp AmL)
I'm drying my hair, I won't be long — me estoy secando el pelo, enseguida estoy
how long will dinner be? — ¿cuánto falta para la cena?
c) ( take place) ser*6) (be situated, present) estar*where is the library? — ¿dónde está or queda la biblioteca?
where are you? — ¿dónde estás?
what's in that box? — ¿qué hay en esa caja?
who's in the movie? — ¿quién actúa or trabaja en la película?
how long are you in Chicago (for)? — (colloq) ¿cuánto (tiempo) te vas a quedar en Chicago ?
7) (only in perfect tenses) ( visit) estar*have you been to the exhibition yet? — ¿ya has estado en or has ido a la exposición?
2.
v impers1)a) (talking about physical conditions, circumstances)it's sunny/cold/hot — hace sol/frío/calor
it's so noisy/quiet in here! — qué ruido/silencio hay aquí!
I have enough problems as it is, without you... — yo ya tengo suficientes problemas sin que tú encima...
b) ( in expressions of time) ser*hi, Joe, it's been a long time — qué tal, Joe, tanto tiempo (sin verte)
c) ( talking about distance) estar*it's 500 miles from here to Detroit — Detroit queda or está a 500 millas de aquí
2)a) (introducing person, object) ser*it was me who told them — fui yo quien se lo dije or dijo, fui yo el que se lo dije or dijo
b) (in conditional use) ser*if it hadn't been o had it not been for Juan, we would have been killed — si no hubiera sido por Juan or de no ser por Juan, nos habríamos matado
3.
v aux1) to be -inga) ( used to describe action in progress) estar* + gerwhat was I saying? — ¿qué estaba diciendo?
she was leaving when... — se iba cuando...
how long have you been waiting? — ¿cuánto (tiempo) hace que esperas?, ¿cuánto (tiempo) llevas esperando?
b) ( with future reference)he is o will be arriving tomorrow — llega mañana
when are you seeing her? — ¿cuándo la vas a ver or la verás?
2) (in the passive voice) ser* [The passive voice, however, is less common in Spanish than it is in English]it was built in 1903 — fue construido en 1903, se construyó en 1903, lo construyeron en 1903
she was told that... — le dijeron or se le dijo que...
it is known that... — se sabe que...
3) to be to + infa) ( with future reference)if a solution is to be found... — si se quiere encontrar or si se ha de encontrar una solución...
b) ( expressing possibility)what are we to do? — ¿qué podemos hacer?
c) ( expressing obligation) deber* + inf, tener* que + inf, haber* de + inftell her she's to stay here — dile que debe quedarse or tiene que quedarse aquí, dile que se quede aquí
am I to understand that... ? — ¿debo entender que... ?
4) ( in hypotheses)what would happen if she were o was to die? — ¿qué pasaría si ella muriera?
5)she's right, isn't she? — tiene razón, ¿no? or ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto?
so that's what you think, is it? — de manera que eso es lo que piensas
are you disappointed? - yes, I am/no, I'm not — ¿estás desilusionado? - sí (, lo estoy)/no (, no lo estoy)
she was told the news, and so was he/but I wasn't — a ella le dieron la noticia, y también a él/pero a mí no
I'm surprised, are/aren't you? — estoy sorprendido, ¿y tú?/¿tú no?
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18 BE
'bi: ɡi:( abbreviation) (Bachelor of Engineering; first degree in Engineering.) licenciatura en Ingenieríabe vb1. serwhat time is it? It's 3 o'clock ¿qué hora es? Son las treswho is it? It's me ¿quién es? Soy yo2. estarhow are you? I'm fine ¿cómo estás? estoy bienwhere is Pauline? ¿dónde está Pauline?how far is it? ¿a qué distancia está?what day is it today? ¿qué día es hoy? / ¿a qué día estamos?3. tenerhow old are you? I'm 16 ¿cuántos años tienes? tengo 16 años4. costar / valer / serhow much is it? ¿cuánto cuesta? / ¿cuánto vale? / ¿cuánto es?the tickets are £15 each las entradas valen 15 libras cada una5. hacer6. haberhow many children are there? ¿cuántos niños hay?Se usa también para construir el tiempo verbal llamado present continuous que indica una acción que está pasando en estos momentoswhat are you doing? ¿qué estás haciendo? / ¿qué haces?look, it's snowing mira, está nevando
be sustantivo femenino: name of the letter b, often called be largaor grande to distinguish it from v 'be' also found in these entries: Spanish: A - abasto - abate - abismo - abotargarse - abreviar - abrirse - absoluta - absoluto - abultar - abundar - aburrir - aburrirse - acabose - acariciar - acaso - acertar - achantarse - acometer - acostada - acostado - acostumbrar - acostumbrada - acostumbrado - acreditar - activa - activo - adelantar - adelantarse - adentro - adivinarse - admirarse - adolecer - aferrarse - afianzarse - aficionada - aficionado - afligirse - agonizar - agotarse - agradecer - agua - ahogarse - ahora - aire - ajo - ala - alarmarse - alcanzar - alegrarse English: aback - abate - about - absent - accordance - account for - accountable - accustom - acquaint - action - addicted - address - adequate - adjust - admit - affiliated - afford - afraid - agenda - agree - agreement - ahead - air - airsick - alert - alive - alone - along - aloof - alphabetically - always - am - ambition - amenable - amusing - anathema - annoyance - anomaly - anxious - apologetic - appal - appall - are - arm - around - arrears - as - ashamed - aspire - assertbetr[biː]intransitive verb (pres 1ª pers am, 2ª pers sing y todas del pl are, 3ª pers sing is; pt 1ª y 3ª pers sing was, 2ª pers sing y todas del pl; pp been)2 (essential quality) ser3 (nationality) ser4 (occupation) ser5 (origin) ser6 (ownership) ser7 (authorship) ser8 (composition) ser9 (use) ser10 (location) estar11 (temporary state) estar■ how are you? ¿cómo estás?12 (age) tener13 (price) costar, valer■ a single ticket is £9.50 un billete de ida cuesta £9.5014 tener■ he's hot/cold tiene calor/frío■ we're hungry/thirsty tenemos hambre/sed1 (passive) ser■ she was arrested at the border fue detenida en la frontera, la detuvieron en la frontera■ he's hated by everybody es odiado por todos, todos lo odian■ he was discharged fue dado de alta, lo dieron de alta■ the house has been sold la casa ha sido vendida, la casa se ha vendido, han vendido la casa■ thirty children were injured treinta niños fueron heridos, treinta niños resultaron heridos■ the two areas of the town are divided by a wall las dos zonas de la ciudad están divididas por un muro1 (obligation) deber, tener que1 (future)phrase there is / there are1 hay■ is there much traffic ¿hay mucho tráfico?1 había■ were there many people? ¿había mucha gente?1 habrá1 habría■ if Mike came, there would be ten of us si viniera Mike, seríamos diez\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be about to «+ inf» estar para + inf, estar a punto de + infto be or not to be ser o no serbe ['bi:] v, was ['wəz, 'wɑz] ; were ['wər] ; been ['bɪn] ; being ; am ['æm] ; is ['ɪz] ; are ['ɑr] viJosé is a doctor: José es doctorI'm Ana's sister: soy la hermana de Anathe tree is tall: el árbol es altoyou're silly!: ¡eres tonto!she's from Managua: es de Managuait's mine: es míomy mother is at home: mi madre está en casathe cups are on the table: las tazas están en la mesato be or not to be: ser, o no serI think, therefore I am: pienso, luego existohow are you?: ¿cómo estás?I'm cold: tengo fríoshe's 10 years old: tiene 10 añosthey're both sick: están enfermos los dosbe v impersit's eight o'clock: son las ochoit's Friday: hoy es viernesit's sunny: hace solit's very dark outside: está bien oscuro afuerabe v auxwhat are you doing? -I'm working: ¿qué haces? -estoy trabajandoit was finished yesterday: fue acabado ayer, se acabó ayerit was cooked in the oven: se cocinó en el hornocan she be trusted?: ¿se puede confiar en ella?you are to stay here: debes quedarte aquíhe was to come yesterday: se esperaba que viniese ayerbev.(§ p.,p.p.: was, were, been) = estar v.(§pres: estoy, estás...) pret: estuv-•)• ser v.(§pres: soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son) subj: se-imp: er-fu-•)biːˌ weak form bi
1.
2)a) (followed by an adjective)she's French/intelligent — es francesa/inteligente
he's worried/furious — está preocupado/furioso
he's blind — es or (Esp tb) está ciego
have you never had gazpacho? it's delicious! — ¿nunca has comido gazpacho? es delicioso!
the gazpacho is delicious, did you make it yourself? — el gazpacho está delicioso ¿lo hiciste tú?
she was very rude to me — estuvo or fue muy grosera conmigo
Tony is married/divorced/single — Tony está or (esp AmL) es casado/divorciado/soltero
to be married to somebody — estar* casado con alguien
3)a) (followed by a noun) ser*who was Prime Minister at the time? — ¿quién era Primer Ministro en ese momento?
it's me/Daniel — soy yo/es Daniel
if I were you, I'd stay — yo que tú or yo en tu lugar me quedaría
b) ( play the role of) hacer* de4)how are you? — ¿cómo estás?
I'm much better — estoy or me encuentro mucho mejor
she's pregnant/tired — está embarazada/cansada
I'm cold/hot/hungry/thirsty/sleepy — tengo frío/calor/hambre/sed/sueño
b) ( talking about age) tener*how old are you? — ¿cuántos años tienes?
he's a lot older/younger — es mucho mayor/menor
c) (giving cost, measurement, weight)how much is that? - that'll be $15, please — ¿cuánto es? - (son) 15 dólares, por favor
they are $15 each — cuestan or valen 15 dólares cada una
how tall/heavy is he? — ¿cuánto mide/pesa?
5)a) (exist, live)I think, therefore I am — pienso, luego existo
to let something/somebody be — dejar tranquilo or en paz algo/a alguien
b) ( in expressions of time)don't be too long — no tardes mucho, no (te) demores mucho (esp AmL)
I'm drying my hair, I won't be long — me estoy secando el pelo, enseguida estoy
how long will dinner be? — ¿cuánto falta para la cena?
c) ( take place) ser*6) (be situated, present) estar*where is the library? — ¿dónde está or queda la biblioteca?
where are you? — ¿dónde estás?
what's in that box? — ¿qué hay en esa caja?
who's in the movie? — ¿quién actúa or trabaja en la película?
how long are you in Chicago (for)? — (colloq) ¿cuánto (tiempo) te vas a quedar en Chicago ?
7) (only in perfect tenses) ( visit) estar*have you been to the exhibition yet? — ¿ya has estado en or has ido a la exposición?
2.
v impers1)a) (talking about physical conditions, circumstances)it's sunny/cold/hot — hace sol/frío/calor
it's so noisy/quiet in here! — qué ruido/silencio hay aquí!
I have enough problems as it is, without you... — yo ya tengo suficientes problemas sin que tú encima...
b) ( in expressions of time) ser*hi, Joe, it's been a long time — qué tal, Joe, tanto tiempo (sin verte)
c) ( talking about distance) estar*it's 500 miles from here to Detroit — Detroit queda or está a 500 millas de aquí
2)a) (introducing person, object) ser*it was me who told them — fui yo quien se lo dije or dijo, fui yo el que se lo dije or dijo
b) (in conditional use) ser*if it hadn't been o had it not been for Juan, we would have been killed — si no hubiera sido por Juan or de no ser por Juan, nos habríamos matado
3.
v aux1) to be -inga) ( used to describe action in progress) estar* + gerwhat was I saying? — ¿qué estaba diciendo?
she was leaving when... — se iba cuando...
how long have you been waiting? — ¿cuánto (tiempo) hace que esperas?, ¿cuánto (tiempo) llevas esperando?
b) ( with future reference)he is o will be arriving tomorrow — llega mañana
when are you seeing her? — ¿cuándo la vas a ver or la verás?
2) (in the passive voice) ser* [The passive voice, however, is less common in Spanish than it is in English]it was built in 1903 — fue construido en 1903, se construyó en 1903, lo construyeron en 1903
she was told that... — le dijeron or se le dijo que...
it is known that... — se sabe que...
3) to be to + infa) ( with future reference)if a solution is to be found... — si se quiere encontrar or si se ha de encontrar una solución...
b) ( expressing possibility)what are we to do? — ¿qué podemos hacer?
c) ( expressing obligation) deber* + inf, tener* que + inf, haber* de + inftell her she's to stay here — dile que debe quedarse or tiene que quedarse aquí, dile que se quede aquí
am I to understand that... ? — ¿debo entender que... ?
4) ( in hypotheses)what would happen if she were o was to die? — ¿qué pasaría si ella muriera?
5)she's right, isn't she? — tiene razón, ¿no? or ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto?
so that's what you think, is it? — de manera que eso es lo que piensas
are you disappointed? - yes, I am/no, I'm not — ¿estás desilusionado? - sí (, lo estoy)/no (, no lo estoy)
she was told the news, and so was he/but I wasn't — a ella le dieron la noticia, y también a él/pero a mí no
I'm surprised, are/aren't you? — estoy sorprendido, ¿y tú?/¿tú no?
N ABBR(Econ) = bill of exchange L/C* * *[biːˌ] weak form [bi]
1.
2)a) (followed by an adjective)she's French/intelligent — es francesa/inteligente
he's worried/furious — está preocupado/furioso
he's blind — es or (Esp tb) está ciego
have you never had gazpacho? it's delicious! — ¿nunca has comido gazpacho? es delicioso!
the gazpacho is delicious, did you make it yourself? — el gazpacho está delicioso ¿lo hiciste tú?
she was very rude to me — estuvo or fue muy grosera conmigo
Tony is married/divorced/single — Tony está or (esp AmL) es casado/divorciado/soltero
to be married to somebody — estar* casado con alguien
3)a) (followed by a noun) ser*who was Prime Minister at the time? — ¿quién era Primer Ministro en ese momento?
it's me/Daniel — soy yo/es Daniel
if I were you, I'd stay — yo que tú or yo en tu lugar me quedaría
b) ( play the role of) hacer* de4)how are you? — ¿cómo estás?
I'm much better — estoy or me encuentro mucho mejor
she's pregnant/tired — está embarazada/cansada
I'm cold/hot/hungry/thirsty/sleepy — tengo frío/calor/hambre/sed/sueño
b) ( talking about age) tener*how old are you? — ¿cuántos años tienes?
he's a lot older/younger — es mucho mayor/menor
c) (giving cost, measurement, weight)how much is that? - that'll be $15, please — ¿cuánto es? - (son) 15 dólares, por favor
they are $15 each — cuestan or valen 15 dólares cada una
how tall/heavy is he? — ¿cuánto mide/pesa?
5)a) (exist, live)I think, therefore I am — pienso, luego existo
to let something/somebody be — dejar tranquilo or en paz algo/a alguien
b) ( in expressions of time)don't be too long — no tardes mucho, no (te) demores mucho (esp AmL)
I'm drying my hair, I won't be long — me estoy secando el pelo, enseguida estoy
how long will dinner be? — ¿cuánto falta para la cena?
c) ( take place) ser*6) (be situated, present) estar*where is the library? — ¿dónde está or queda la biblioteca?
where are you? — ¿dónde estás?
what's in that box? — ¿qué hay en esa caja?
who's in the movie? — ¿quién actúa or trabaja en la película?
how long are you in Chicago (for)? — (colloq) ¿cuánto (tiempo) te vas a quedar en Chicago ?
7) (only in perfect tenses) ( visit) estar*have you been to the exhibition yet? — ¿ya has estado en or has ido a la exposición?
2.
v impers1)a) (talking about physical conditions, circumstances)it's sunny/cold/hot — hace sol/frío/calor
it's so noisy/quiet in here! — qué ruido/silencio hay aquí!
I have enough problems as it is, without you... — yo ya tengo suficientes problemas sin que tú encima...
b) ( in expressions of time) ser*hi, Joe, it's been a long time — qué tal, Joe, tanto tiempo (sin verte)
c) ( talking about distance) estar*it's 500 miles from here to Detroit — Detroit queda or está a 500 millas de aquí
2)a) (introducing person, object) ser*it was me who told them — fui yo quien se lo dije or dijo, fui yo el que se lo dije or dijo
b) (in conditional use) ser*if it hadn't been o had it not been for Juan, we would have been killed — si no hubiera sido por Juan or de no ser por Juan, nos habríamos matado
3.
v aux1) to be -inga) ( used to describe action in progress) estar* + gerwhat was I saying? — ¿qué estaba diciendo?
she was leaving when... — se iba cuando...
how long have you been waiting? — ¿cuánto (tiempo) hace que esperas?, ¿cuánto (tiempo) llevas esperando?
b) ( with future reference)he is o will be arriving tomorrow — llega mañana
when are you seeing her? — ¿cuándo la vas a ver or la verás?
2) (in the passive voice) ser* [The passive voice, however, is less common in Spanish than it is in English]it was built in 1903 — fue construido en 1903, se construyó en 1903, lo construyeron en 1903
she was told that... — le dijeron or se le dijo que...
it is known that... — se sabe que...
3) to be to + infa) ( with future reference)if a solution is to be found... — si se quiere encontrar or si se ha de encontrar una solución...
b) ( expressing possibility)what are we to do? — ¿qué podemos hacer?
c) ( expressing obligation) deber* + inf, tener* que + inf, haber* de + inftell her she's to stay here — dile que debe quedarse or tiene que quedarse aquí, dile que se quede aquí
am I to understand that... ? — ¿debo entender que... ?
4) ( in hypotheses)what would happen if she were o was to die? — ¿qué pasaría si ella muriera?
5)she's right, isn't she? — tiene razón, ¿no? or ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto?
so that's what you think, is it? — de manera que eso es lo que piensas
are you disappointed? - yes, I am/no, I'm not — ¿estás desilusionado? - sí (, lo estoy)/no (, no lo estoy)
she was told the news, and so was he/but I wasn't — a ella le dieron la noticia, y también a él/pero a mí no
I'm surprised, are/aren't you? — estoy sorprendido, ¿y tú?/¿tú no?
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19 JAFN
* * *a.1) even; jöfn tala, even number;2) equal, the same; þínar (viz. ferðir) verða flestar jafnastar, thy doings are mostly the same, all equally bad; hann var ellefu vetra ok sterkr at jöfnum aldri, and strong for his age; jafn e-m, equal to one; jafnt er sem þér sýnist, af er fótrinn, it is just as it appears to thee, the leg is off; komast til jafns við e-n, hafa e-t til jafns við e-n, to equal one, be one’s match in a thing; at jöfnu, equally, in equal shares.* * *adj., also spelt jamn, f. jöfn, neut. jafnt, often spelt as well as proncd. jamt; compar. jafnari, superl. jafnastr: [Ulf. ibns, Luke vi. 17; A. S. efen; Engl. and Dutch even; old Fr. ivin; O. H. G. eban; mod. Germ. eben; Dan. jevn; Swed. jemn; akin to Lat. aequus by interchange of palatal and labial, see Grimm’s Dict. s. v. eben]:—even, equal, but, like Lat. aequus, mostly in a metaph. sense, for sléttr (q. v.) answers to Lat. planus; often followed by a dat., jafn e-u, equal to a thing, in comparison:I. equal, equal to; jöfn eyri (dat.) gulls, K. Þ. K. 72; jafn Guði, equal to God; jafn mér, passim.2. equal, the same; enda er jöfn helgi hans meðan hann ferr svá með sér, Grág. i. 93; ella er jöfn sök við hann fram á leið, 322; at ek verða jafn drengr í hvert sinn, Sd. 188; þínar verða flestar jafnastar, thy acts are mostly the same, i. e. all bad, Fms. viii. 409.3. fixed, unchanged; með jafnri leigu, jöfnum kaupum, jöfnum skildaga, Rétt. 2. 7, Stat. 264, Fb. ii. 137; hann var ellefu vetra eðr tíu, ok sterkr at jöfnum aldri, and strong for his age, Eg. 188, 592; eiga þeir jöfnum höndum (see hönd) allt þat er þeir taka, Grág. ii. 66.4. even, even-tempered; jafn ok úmíslyndr, Mar.: of numbers, jöfn tala, even in tale, equal, opp. to odda-tala, Alg. 356.II. neut. jafnt or jamt, almost adverbially, equally, just; jafnt utan sem innan, Grág. i. 392: as, just as, ok hafa eitt atferli báðar jamt, both together, both alike, Fms. xi. 137; jafnt er sem þér sýnisk (‘tis as it appears, indeed), af er fótrinn, Nj. 97; jafnt þrælar sem frjálsir menn, Fms. i. 113: jamt sem, just as, equally as; jafnt sem í fjórðungs-dómi, jamt skal eiga féránsdóm eptir fjörbaugs-mann sem eptir skógar-mann, Grág. i. 87; skal hann láta virða fé þat jamt sem úmaga-eyri, 189; menn skulu svá sakir hluta, jamt sem á alþingi, 122; jafnt hefir komit er þú spáðir, it has happened just as thou didst foretel, Niðrst. 8: ellipt., ok skal hann þá jamt (sem þeir) allri bót upp halda, Grág. ii. 182.2. temp. at the same time, just; ek skíri þik, ok nefna barn, í nafni Föður, ok drepa barninu í vatn um sinn jafnt fram fyrir sik, and dip the bairn each time info the water, K. Þ. K. 10: just, precisely, in the very moment, þat var jamt Jóla-aptan sjálfan er þeir börðusk, Fms. xi. 15; jamt í því hann stakaði. 133.3. adverb., at jöfnu, equally, in equal shares, Fms. xi. 131.4. til jafns, vóru þeir engir at né eina íþrótt hefði til jafns við hann, Nj. 46; halda til jafns við e-n, Ld. 40; komask til jafns við e-n, Fb. i. 261.B. COMPDS:I. such a, so … a; Karvel jafn-frægum dreng, so fine a fellow as K., Karl. 103; er þat skömm jafn-mörgum mönnum, ‘tis a shame for so many men, Gísl. 51: with the particle sem, jafn-ungr sem hann var, young as he was, i. e. so young as he was for his age, Vápn. 5; vel hafi þér mínu máli komit, jafn-úvænt sem var, Þiðr. 136; kvað þat ekki hæfa á jafn-mikilli hátið sem ( in such a feast as) í hönd ferr, Fb. i. 376; at eigi skyldi Hugon keisari yfir þá stíga jafn-reiðr sem hann varð þeim, Karl. 478; undraðisk hón hversu fríðr ok fagr hann var jafn-gamall maðr ( for his age), Stj. 225; mikill maðr ertú þó Þórir, jafn-gamall, Ó. H. 176; Þórir Oddsson var sterkastr jafn-gamall, Gullþ. 4.II. mod. phrases such as, það er jafngott fyrir hann, it serves him right; hann er jafngóðr fyrir því, it won’t hurt him; or honum er það jafn-gott, it will do him good, serve him right; vera jafn-nær, to be equally near, i. e. none the better; hann fór jafnnær, it was all of no use.III. in countless COMPDS (esp. adjectives) with almost any participle or adverb, rarely with verbs and nouns, and denoting equal, as, the same, as seen from the context often followed by a dat., e. g. jafn-gamall e-m, of the same age as another person:—of these compds only some can be noticed: jafn-aldri, a, m. one of the same age, Fms. i. 13, vii. 199, Bs. i. 179, Eg. 25, 84. jafn-auðigr, adj. equally wealthy, Band. 2: equally happy, hann setr hund sinn jafnaudigan okkr undir borði, Bjarn. 27. jafn-auðsær, adj. as perspicuous, Eluc. 41. jafn-auðveldr, adj. as easy, Ld. 78. jafn-ágætr, adj. as good, as noble, Nj. 129. jafn-ákafr, adj. as impetuous, Fms. xi. 137. jafn-beinn, adj. as straight, Sturl. i. 196. jafn-berr, adj. equally bare, Fas. i. 67. jafn-bitinn, part. evenly bitten or grazed, of a field, Gþl. 407. jafn-bitr, jafn-beittr, adj. as sharp, keen. jafn-bjartr, adj. as bright, Nj. 208: neut., Sks. 69. jafn-bjóða, bauð; j. e-m, to be a match for one, Finnb. 260: to be equal to, contest on equal terms with one, Fms. ii. 27, vii. 22; gripr betri en þeim peningum jafnbjóði, 655 xxx. 10. jafn-blíðr, adj. equally mild, Fær. 154. jafn-borinn, part. of equal birth, Ld. 332, Fms. x. 79 (v. l.), Gþl. 133; j. til e-s, having equal birthright to, Fms. vii. 8, x. 407. jafn-brattr, adj. as steep. jafn-brátt, n. adj. as soon, at the same moment, Hom. 114. jafn-breiðr, adj. equally broad, Edda 28, Gþl. 355. jafn-búinn, part. equally ‘boun’ or armed, Fms. ii. 165: ready, prepared, Stj. jafn-deildr, part. equally shared, Hom. 148. jafn-digr, adj. as stout, Sturl. iii. 63. jafn-djúpr, adj. as deep. jafn-djúpvitr, adj. as deep-scheming, Orkn. 214, Hkr. iii. 95. jafn-drengilegr, adj. as gallant, Ísl. ii. 446. jafn-drjúgdeildr, part. going as far, of stores, Sturl. i. 166. jafn-drjúgr, adj. keeping as long, Sturl. i. 216, Rb. 18. jafn-dýrligr, adj. equally splendid, Bs. i. 454. jafn-dýrr, adj. as costly, glorious, of the same price, K. Þ. K. 28, Nj. 56, Grett. 104 A, N. G. L. i. 150, 348. jafn-dægri, n. (mod. jafndægr), the equinox, both dægr (q. v.) being equally long, Edda 103, Rb. 454, 456, 472, and passim: equal length, of day and night, Fb. i. 539; see eykt. jafn-dæmi, n. equal judgment, justice, Fms. vi. 431, Pr. 413. jafn-dæmr, adj. just, giving equal judgment, Rb. 364. jafn-einfaldr, adj. as simple, guileless, Hom. 50. jafn-fagr, adj. as fair, Nj. 112. jafn-fallegr, adj. as handsome. jafn-fastr, adj. equally firm, Grág. i. 7, K. Þ. K. 166: as adv., Fms. x. 270, Finnb. 338. jafn-fáir, adj. as few. jafn-feigr, adj. as fey. jafn-feitr, adj. as fat. jafn-fimlega, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as alert, Fms. ii. 273. jafn-fimr, adj. as alert, Fær. 272, Hkr. i. 291, v. l. jafn-fjær, adv. as far. jafn-fjölmennr, adj. with as many men, Nj. 222. jafn-flatt, n. adj.; fara j., to fare so ill, Fms. vi. 379; see flatr. jafn-fljótr, adj. as swift. jafn-fram, adv. equally forward, side by side: with dat., jafnfram skipi Rúts, Nj. 8: locally, of places, over against, (= gegnt and gagn-vart, q. v.); with dat., er hann kom jafnfram Borgund, Hkr. ii. 309; j. Eiðsvelli, Vermá, Fms. ix. 408; j. gagntaki konungs sonar, j. boðanum, vii. 170, ix. 387 (v. l.): as adv., standa jafnfram, to stand evenly, in a straight line; standa allir j. fyrir konungs borðinu, i. 16, Eg. 581, Nj. 140, Rb. 466, Sturl. iii. 244: temp. at the same moment, of two things happening together, Fms. vi. 24; þeir riðu til þings jafnfram Skeggja, Þórð. 18 new Ed.; hann ferr ávalt jafnfram í frásogn æfi Guðs-sonar, follows parallel in the story, 625. 83: in equal share, taka arf j., Gþl. 248; at the same time, also, hugsa þat j., at the same time consider, Stj. 156; jafnfram sem, jafnfram ok, as soon as, Karl. 158, Pr. 413. jafn-framarla, -framar, -liga, adv. as forward, as far, just as well, Ld. 254, Bs. i. 778. jafn-frammi, adv. = jafnframt, Sks. 364, Sturl. i. 32: temp., Fms. iii. 218. jafn-framt, adv. = jafnfram, Háv. 42: temp., Sturl. i. 1: along with, with dat., Pass. viii. 9: equally, in the same degree, Ld. 62. jafn-fríðr, adj. as fair, Fms. i. 8: as valuable, K. Þ. K. 172. jafn-frjáls, adj. equally free, Fas. iii. 8. jafn-frjálsliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as freely, as liberally, Hkr. i. 78. jafn-fróðr, adj. as wise, as knowing, Sks. 544. jafn-frægr, adj. as famous, Fas. i. 277. jafn-frækn, adj. equally gallant, Edda. jafn-fullr, adj. as full, Grág. i. 20, 68, Gþl. 477. jafn-fúinn, adj. equally rotten, jafn-fúss, adj. equally willing, Sturl. i. 190. jafn-færr, adj. as able, Nj. 97. jafn-fætis, adv. on equal footing; standa j. e-m, Sturl. ii. 134, Hkr. ii. 153. jafn-gamall, adj. of the same age, Ld. 108, Fms. i. 60, xi. 96. jafn-geði, n. evenness of temper, Sks. 435. jafn-gefinn, part. equally given to, Fas. i. 268. jafn-gegnt, adv. just opposite to, Sks. 63, Fms. ix. 463; see gegnt. jafn-girnd, f. and jafn-girni, f. fairness, equity, Sks. 273, 639, Hom. 17. jafn-gjarn, adj. as eager, Hom. 19: as equitable, Sks. 355, Hom. 135, Karl. 495. jafn-gjarna (- gjarnliga), adv. as willingly, as readily, Fms. iii. 45 (v. l.), ix. 508, Stj. jafn-glaðr, adj. as glad, as cheerful, Eb. 88: neut., mér er ekki jafnglatt sem áðr, Fas. i. 106. jafn-glöggt, n. adj. as clearly, Bs. i. 352. jafn-góðr, adj. equally good, as good, Nj. 18, Eg. 54, Gþl. 233, N. G. L. i. 347, Dipl. v. 16: unhurt, none the worse, see (II) above. jafn-góðviljaðr, adj. with equally good will, Stj. 629. jafn-grannr, adj. equally thin. jafn-grimmliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as fiercely, Th. jafn-grimmr, adj. as fierce, Sks. 79. jafn-grunnr, adj. as shallow. jafn-gæfr, adj. as meek, Rb. 397. jafn-göfigr, adj. as good, as famous, Sturl. iii. 11, Bs. i. 133. jafn-görla, adv. as clearly, Grág. i. 299, Fms. ii. 171, Fas. i. 271. jafn-hafðr, part. equally used, N. G. L. i. 249. jafn-hagliga, adv. as skilfully, Krók. 53. jafn-hagr, adj. as skilful in handiwork, Nj. 147. jafn-harðr, adj. as hard, as severe, Nj. 79: neut. jafn-hart, as fast, Fas. iii. 488: jafn-harðan, adv. instantly. jafn-harðsnúinn, part. as hard-twisted, as tight, Nj. 79. jafn-hár, adj. as high, as tall, as loud, Rb. 112, 474, Fas. ii. 79: of metre, see hár (I. 3), Fms. vi. 386, Skálda 182, 190: neut., Stj. 79. jafnhátta-góðr, adj. as well-mannered, Ld. 174. jafn-heilagr, adj. as holy, as inviolable, Sks. 674, Grág. i. 90. jafn-heill, adj. as hale, as whole, Eg. 425, v. l. jafn-heimoll, adj. equally open to use, Eg. 47, Ld. 70, Gþl. 214, 353: equally bound, 57. jafn-heimskr, adj. equally stupid, Fms. ii. 156, Sd. 178. jafn-heitr, adj. as hot, Sks. 540. jafn-hentr, adj. as well fitted, Sturl. i. 196. jafn-hlær, adj. equally snug, Rb. 440. jafn-hollr, adj. equally sincere, Orkn. 166. jafn-hógværliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as meekly, Krók. 36. jafn-hógværr, adj. as gentle. jafn-hraustr, adj. as valiant, Fms. ii. 356, Krók. 51. jafn-hryggr, adj. as distressed, Hkr. iii. 269. jafn-hugaðr, adj. even-tempered, Sks. 24: of one mind, 300: as daring. jafn-hvass, adj. as sharp, Ld. 306: blowing as hard. jafn-hvatr, adj. as bold, as quick, Sturl. i. 112, v. l. jafn-hvítr, adj. equally white. jafn-hæðiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), as ridiculous, Fas. iii. 91. jafn-hægr, adj. equally easy, ready, meek, Fms. ii. 106, Fær. 69, Grág. i. 264, ii. 257. jafn-hættr, adj. as dangerous, Sks. 540. jafn-höfigr, adj. as heavy, Rb. 102, Edda 38. jafn-ílla, adv. as badly, Fms. viii. 140 (v. l.), Ísl. ii. 181. jafn-ílliligr, adj. (-liga, adv.) as ill-looking, Fas. ii. 207. jafn-íllr, adj. equally bad, Grág. ii. 145, Fas. ii. 513. jafn-kaldr, adj. as cold, Sks. 215. jafn-keypi, n. an equal bargain, Fs. 25. jafn-kominn, part. on even terms, Sks. 455: neut. an even match, jafnkomit er á með ykkr, ye are well-matched, Nj. 59; hann kvað jafnkomit með þeim fyrir aldrs sakir, Fms. iii. 76; jafnkomnir til erfðar, with equal title to, Grág. i. 304; jafnkomnir til fyrir ættar sakir, Fms. i. 220; jafnkomnir at frændsemi, Ísl. ii. 315. jafn-kosta, adj. well-matched, good enough, of wedlock, Stj. 204. jafn-kostgæfinn, adj. equally painstaking, Bs. i. 681. jafn-krappr, adj. as straight, narrow; í jafnkrappan stað, in such a strait, Ld. 168. jafn-kringr, adj. equally dexterous, Sks. 381. jafn-kristinn, adj. a fellow Christian, Jb. 92, Barl. 44. jafn-kunnigr, adj. as well known, Grett. 162 A: knowing as well. jafn-kunnr, adj. as well known, Hom. 90. jafn-kurteis, adj. as courteous, Sturl. i. 165. jafn-kyrr, adj. as quiet. jafn-kýta, t, with dat. = jafnyrða. jafn-kænn, adj. as ‘cunning,’ as well versed, Stj. 561. jafn-kærr, adj. as dear, as beloved, Fms. i. 215, xi. 319. jafn-langr, adj. as long, equally long, Fms. xi. 376, Gþl. 350, 355, Ísl. ii. 219, Grág. i. 406, Edda 138 ( of the same length): neut., en ef þær segja jafnlangt, if they say both the same, Grág. i. 7. jafn-lágr, adj. equally low. jafn-leiðr, adj. equally loathed, Fms. viii. 240. jafn-leiki, n. = jafnleikit. jafn-leikit, n. part. an equal game, Fms. xi. 131. jafn-lendi, n. a level, even piece of ground, Eg. 584. jafn-lengd, f. ‘even-length,’ the return to the same time in the next day, week, month, year, etc.: of a day, til jafnlengdar annars dags, Grág. ii. 16, Stj. 49; þann sama dag tók Gormr konungr sótt, ok andaðisk annan dag at jafnlengdinni, Fms. i. 119, Fas. ii. 30, 37: of a year, anniversary, skal eigi brullaup vera fyrr en at jafnlengd, Grág. i. 311; tíu aurar sé leigðir eyri til jafnlengdar (a year’s rent), 390; at jafnlengd it síðasta, 487; eigi síðarr en fyrir jafnlengd, Fms. xi. 397; halda hátíð at jafnlengdum, Greg. 13, Hom. 98; jafnlengdar-dagr, 129, Fms. v. 214, Dipl. v. 8; jafnlengdar hátíð, an anniversary, Greg. 13. jafn-lengi, adv. as long, Grág. i. 423, Fms. iii. 9, MS. 732. 7. jafn-léttmæltr, adj. equally easy, just as pleasant in one’s speech, Fms. vii. 227. jafn-léttr, adj. as light, as easy, Sturl. iii. 90: neut. (adverb.), Kjartani var ekki annat jafn-létthjalat, K. liked not to speak of anything so much, Ld. 214. jafn-léttvígr, adj. as ready in wielding arms, Sturl. iii. 90. jafn-liða, adj. with an equal number of men, Eb. 144. jafn-liga, adv. equally, fairly; sýnisk mér eigi j. á komit, Bs. i. 531, Vm. 169; skipta j., Fb. ii. 300: perpetually, all along, always, usually, Fms. i. 191, x. 88, 89, Dipl. v. 8, Rb. 348, 472, Stj. 77. jafn-ligr, adj. equal, fair, Hkr. ii. 149, Háv. 57, Eg. 488; er þat miklu jafnligra, a more equal match, Fms. vii. 115. jafn-líkligr, adj. as likely, Sturl. iii. 7, Lv. 77. jafn-líkr, adj. as like, Lv. 58, Fas. ii. 478: equal, alike, j. sem hornspónar efni, Bs. i. 59. jafn-lítill, adj. as little, Fas. iii. 487. jafn-ljóss, adj. as bright, Bret. 62. jafn-ljótr, adj. as ugly, Fms. iv. 175. jafn-ljúfr, adj. as willing. jafn-lygn, adj. as ‘loun,’ as calm, of the wind. jafn-lyndi, n., fem. in Mar. 848; evenness of temper, Stj., Fagrsk. 132, Bs. i. 141, Mar. passim. jafn-lyndr, adj. even-tempered, Fms. vi. 287, viii. 447 (v. l.) jafn-lýðskyldr, adj. equally bound, as liegemen, Sks. 270. jafn-lærðr, adj. as learned. jafn-magr, adj. equally meagre. jafn-maki, a, m. an equal, a match, Sks. 22, 255. jafn-mannvænn, adj. equally promising, Þorf. Karl. 382. jafn-margr, adj. as many, Nj. 104, Grág. ii. 210, 403, Fms. i. 152, ii. 34. jafn-máttugr, adj. as mighty, Fms. ii. 157, Eluc. 6. jafn-máttuligr, adj. equally possible, 655 xxii. B. jafn-menni, n. an equal, a match, Ld. 132, Ísl. ii. 358, Fms. vi. 345, vii. 103. jafn-menntr, adj. of equal rank, Hrafn. 10. jafn-merkiligr, adj. equally dignified, Bs. i. 148. jafn-mikill, adj. as great, Grág. ii. 264, 403, Fms. i. 1, Gþl. 363: equally big, tall, Fms. x. 202, Nj. 11: neut. as much, Fms. vii. 240, Skálda 168. jafn-mildr, adj. as mild, as gracious, Rb. 366. jafn-minnigr, adj. having as good a memory, Bs. i. 681. jafn-mjúkliga, adv. as meekly, as gently, Lv. 50. jafn-mjúkr, adj. equally soft. jafn-mjök, adv. as much, as strongly, Grág. ii. 140, Skálda 168. jafn-myrkr, adj. equally dark, Skálda 209. jafn-mæli, n. fair play, equality, Fb. i. 407, Fms. vi. 206, Grág. i. 88, 200, Ld. 258, H. E. i. 247, Karl. 99. jafn-naumr, adj. as close. jafn-náinn, adj.; j. at frændsemi, equally near akin, Grág. i. 171, ii. 67, Eb. 124, Ísl. ii. 315, (jafnan, Ed.) jafn-nær, mod. jafn-nærri, adv. equally near: loc., er Ólafs mark j. báðum, Fms. vii. 64, 268, Sks. 63, 216: as near, at honum væri úvarligt at láta jafnmarga heiðna menn vera j. sér, Fms. ii. 34: equally near (by birth), i. 123: metaph., eigi hefir honum jafnnærri gengit újafnaðr þeirra sem mér, Sturl. iii. 238: also jafn-nær, adj. equally nigh, not a whit the better, see (II) above. jafn-nætti, n. the equinox, 673. 54, Stj. 15. jafn-oki, a, m. = jafnmaki, an equal, a match for one, Sks. 22: a play-fellow, Stj. 497, Þiðr. 213. jafn-opt, adv. as often, Nj. 211, Rb. 566, Grág. i. 186. jafn-ótt, adj., neut. as adv., at the same, time, immediately. Pass. 20. 2: one after another, taka e-ð jafnótt og það kemr. jafn-rakkr, adj. as strong, as straight, Ld. 168. jafn-ramr, adj. as mighty, as great a wizard, Vþm. 2. jafn-rangr; adj. as wrong. jafn-ráðinn, part. equally determined, Grett. 149. jafn-reiðr, adj. equally angry, Háv. 52. jafn-rétti, n. an equal right. jafnréttis-maðr, m. a man with equal right, N. G. L. i. 31. jafn-réttr, adj. as right, as lawful, Edda 93, Grág. i. 18: of equal authority, Hkr. iii. 79. jafn-réttvíss, adj. equally just, Sks. 670. jafn-rífligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), as large, Lv. 75. jafn-ríkr, adj. as rich, equally mighty. jafn-rjóðr, adj. as ruddy, Hkr. i. 102. jafn-rúmr, adj. equally large, Bjarn. jafn-ræði, n. an equal match, Fms. ii. 22, Glúm. 350, Nj. 49, Gþl. 215. jafn-röskr, adj. as brisk, as quick, Fms. iii. 225, vi. 96. jafn-saman, adv.; fyrir þessa hugsan alla jafnsaman, all at once, all together, Fms. i. 185, Ld. 326, Ó. H. 46, Stj. 86, 121, Barl. 191. jafn-sannr, adj. equally true, 671. 1, Edda 19, Stj. 471. jafn-sárr, adj. as sore, as smarting, Mar. jafn-seinn, adj. as slow. jafn-sekr, adj. just as guilty, Grág. ii. 64, 89. jafn-síðis, adv. along with. jafn-síðr, adj. as long, of a garment (síðr), Stj. 563. jafn-sjúkr, adj. as sick, Fms. v. 324. jafn-skammr, adj. as short, Al. 129. jafn-skarpliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as briskly, Nj. 199, v. l. jafn-skarpr, adj. as sharp, as keen. jafn-skipti, n. equal, fair dealing. jafn-skiptiliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), equally, mutually, Stj. 159. jafn-skiptr, part. equally shared. jafn-skjótr, adj. as swift, Fms. vii. 169, Rb. 454:—jafn-skjótt, neut. as adv. immediately, at once, Eg. 87, 291, 492, Fms. ii. 10; jafnskjótt sem, as soon as, Nj. 5, Barl. 176, Karl. 409, 441. jafn-skygn, adj. as clear-sighted, 655 xiii. A, Bjarn. 59. jafn-skyldliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as dutifully, Ver. 3. jafn-skyldr, adj. equally bound or obliged, Grág. ii. 362, 403, Gþl. 70, 477, Fms. vii. 274. jafn-sköruliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), equally bold, Nj. 199. jafn-slétta, u, f. even, level ground. jafn-sléttr, adj. equally level, Stj. 79: as easily, Fas. ii. 48. jafn-slægr, adj. as cunning, Fær. 99. jafn-snarpr, adj. (-snarpligr, adj., -liga, adv.), as sharp, Fms. vi. 156. jafn-snarr, adj. as alert. jafn-snart, adj., neut. as adv., as soon, instantly, Fas. iii. 434, Matth. xxvii. 48. jafn-snauðr, adj. as poor. jafn-snemma, adv. at the very same moment, of a coincidence, Eg. 425, Nj. 253, Fms. vi. 221; allir j., all at once, ix. 506, xi. 368 ( both together); vóru þessir atburðir margir jafnsnemma, en sumir litlu fyrr eðr síðar, Hkr. ii. 368. jafn-snjallr, adj. equal, Glúm., Bjarn. (in a verse). jafn-spakr, adj. equally wise, Hm. 53. jafn-sparr, adj. as saving, as close, Grág. i. 197, 222. jafn-sterkr, adj. as strong, Fms. i. 43. jafn-stirðr, adj. as stiff. jafn-stórlátr, adj. as proud, Ld. 116. jafn-stórliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as proudly, Ölk. 34. jafn-stórr, adj. as big, as great. jafn-stórættaðr, adj. of equally high birth, Fms. iv. 26. jafn-stríðr, adj. as hard, severe, Sks. 639. jafn-stuttr, adj. equally short, brief. jafn-syndligr, adj. as sinful, Sks. 674. jafn-sætr, adj. as sweet, Fb. i. 539. jafn-sætti, n. an agreement on equal terms, Nj. 21, Sturl. iii 253, Fb. i. 126. jafn-tamr, adj. equally alert. jafn-tefli, n. an equal, drawn game, Vígl. 32. jafn-tengdr, part. in equal degrees of affinity, Grág. ii. 183. jafn-tíðhjalat, n. part. as much talked about, Nj. 100. jafn-tíðrætt, n. adj. = jafntíðhjalat, Nj. 100. jafn-tíguliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), equally lordly, Fms. x. 109. jafn-títt, n. adj. as often, as frequent, Niðrst. 10. jafn-torogætr, adj. as rarely to be got, choice, Bs. i. 143. jafn-torsótligr, adj. as hard to get at, Fms. x. 358. jafn-trauðr, adj. as unwilling. jafn-traustr, adj. as much to be trusted, Fms. vi. 244. jafn-trúr, jafn-tryggr, adj. as faithful. jafn-undarligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), as strange, Sks. 80. jafn-ungr, adj. as young, Fms. iii. 60, iv. 383. jafn-úbeint, n. adj. as far from the mark, of a bad shot, Fms. viii. 140. jafn-úfærr, adj. as unpassable, Sturl. iii. 163. jafn-úhefnisamr, adj. as tame, Rb. 366. jafn-úráðinn, part. as irresolute, Grett. 153. jafn-úspakr, adj. as unruly, Sturl. ii. 63. jafn-útlagr, adj. having to lay out the same fine, N. G. L. i. 158. jafn-vandhæfr, adj. as dangerous to keep, treat, Grág. i. 89. jafn-vandliga, adv. as carefully, Grág. ii. 249. jafn-varliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as warily, Fms. vii. 127. jafn-varmr, adj. as warm, Sks. 217. jafn-varr, adj. as well aware, as much on one’s guard, Dropl. 28. jafn-vaskliga, adv. as gallantly, Fms. vii. 127, Ld. 272. jafn-vaskligr, adj. as gallant. jafn-vaskr, adj. as bold, Str. 3. jafn-vátr, adj. equally wet. jafn-veginn, part. of full weight, Stj. 216. jafn-vegit, n. a law phrase, used when an equal number has been slain on both sides, in which case there were no further proceedings, Glúm. 383, Fas. ii. 208. jafn-vel, adv. as well, equally well, Nj. 48, Eg. 111, Gþl. 354: likewise, hafa fyrirgört fé ok friði ok jafnvel óðals-jörðum sínum, 142; en þenna eið skulu jafnvel biskupar ábyrgjask við Guð …, jafnvel sem ( as well as) hinir úlærðu, 57; jafnvel af sænum sem af landinu, Al. 2; ok jamvel sendir jarl þeim mönnum orð, sem …, Fms. xi. 120: even, dögföll um nætr jafnvel at heiðskírum veðrum, Stj. 17; jafnvel eptir þat er þau misgörðu, 40; jafnvel sýniliga, j. oss önduðum, 9, Bs. i. 549, Barl. 170, 176, Gísl. 83; this last sense is very freq. in mod. usage. jafn-velviljaðr, part. as well wishing, Sks. 312. jafn-vesall, adj. as wretched, Krók. 54. jafn-virði, n. equal wirth, Bs. i. 9, Al. 48. jafn-vægi, n. equal weight, equilibrium, Hkr. ii. 250, Fas. i. 121; bóandi ok húsfreyja j. sitt, i. e. both of them equally, N. G. L. i. 6. jafn-vægja, ð, to weigh the same as another, Fms. iii. 120. jafn-vægr, adj. of equal weight, Sks. 644. jafn-vænn, adj. equally fine, handsome, promising, Fms. x. 429, Sturl. iii. 67. jafn-vætta, t, to weigh against, counterbalance, Stj. 13, Þorst. Síðu H. 14. jafn-yrða, ð, with dat. to altercate, bandy words, Sturl. iii. 213. jafn-þarfr, adj. as useful, Arnor. jafn-þéttr, adj. pressed as closely together. jafn-þjófgefinn, adj. as thievish. jafn-þolinmóðr, adj. as patient, Rb. 366. jafn-þolinn, adj. as enduring. jafn-þreyttr, part. as weary. jafn-þrifinn, adj. as cleanly. jafn-þröngr, adj. as tight. jafn-þungr, adj. as heavy, pressing, Fms. v. 264, Stj. 278. jafn-þurr, adj. equally dry. jafn-þykkr, adj. as thick, Hkr. iii. 159. jafn-þyrstr, part. as thirsty. jafn-æfr, adj. as impetuous. jafn-æstr, part. equally excited, Band. 34 new Ed. jafn-örr, adj. as eager, as liberal. jafn-öruggr, adj. as firm, steadfast. -
20 as
as [æz, əz]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. conjunction2. preposition3. adverb━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► For set combinations in which as is not the first word, eg such... as, the same... as, disguised as, look up the other word.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. conjunctiona. ( = while) alors que• as she was falling asleep she heard a noise elle entendit un bruit alors qu'elle commençait à s'endormirb. (with comparative) things will get more difficult as the year goes on ça va devenir de plus en plus difficile au fil de l'annéec. ( = just when) (juste) au moment oùd. ( = because) comme━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• as he hasn't phoned, we don't know where he is comme il n'a pas téléphoné, nous ne savons pas où il est• this is important as it reduces the effectiveness of the drug c'est important parce que cela diminue l'efficacité du médicamente. ( = though) long as it was, I didn't find the journey boring bien que le trajet ait été long, je ne me suis pas ennuyé• France, as you know, is... la France, comme vous le savez, est...• she is very gifted, as is her brother elle est très douée, comme son frère• don't tidy up, leave it as it is ne range rien, laisse ça comme ça• the village, situated as it is near a motorway,... le village étant situé non loin d'une autoroute,...2. prepositiona. ( = in the capacity of) commeb. ( = being) en tant que• as a mother of five children, she is well aware... en tant que mère de cinq enfants, elle sait très bien...c. ( = when) as a child, she was rather shy quand elle était enfant, elle était plutôt timide• as a young woman, she was interested in politics quand elle était jeune, elle s'intéressait à la politique3. adverba. ( = in the way) comme► as + as (in comparisons of equality) aussi... que• is it as far as that? c'est vraiment aussi loin que ça ?• you ate as much as me tu as mangé autant que moi► twice/half as...• as for that quant à cela► as from (referring to past) depuis ; (referring to present, future) à partir de• he was staggering as if or as though he'd been drinking il titubait comme s'il avait bu• it's not as if or as though he was nice-looking ce n'est pas comme s'il était beau garçon• as if to confirm his prediction there was a loud explosion comme pour confirmer ses prédictions on entendit une forte explosion• don't tell her, will you? -- as if! (inf) ne lui dis rien ! -- pour qui tu me prends !• did he finally own up? -- as if! (inf) est-ce qu'il a fini par avouer ? -- tu parles ! (inf)► as it is ( = in fact) dans l'état actuel des choses ; ( = already) comme ça• as it is, it doesn't make much difference dans l'état actuel des choses, ça ne fait pas grande différence• the balance of your account as of 16 June ( = on 16 June) le solde de votre compte au 16 juin• the work as such is boring but... le travail en soi est ennuyeux mais...• they are the best players in the world and, as such, are highly paid ce sont les meilleurs joueurs du monde et, à ce titre, ils sont très bien payés• he was still a novice and they treated him as such ce n'était qu'un débutant et ils le traitaient comme tel• he had no qualifications as such il n'avait pas de qualification à proprement parler► as to quant à* * *[æz, əz] 1.1) ( in the manner that) commeknowing you as I do, it didn't surprise me — je te connais tellement bien que ça ne m'a pas étonné
he lives abroad, as does his sister — il vit à l'étranger, tout comme sa sœur
as with so many people in the 1960s, she... — comme beaucoup de personnes dans les années 60, elle...
2) (while, when) comme, alors que; ( over more gradual period of time) au fur et à mesure queas a child, he... — (quand il était) enfant, il...
3) (because, since) comme, puisque4) ( although)comfortable as the house is, it's still very expensive — aussi confortable que soit la maison, elle reste quand même très chère
try as he might, he could not forget it — il avait beau essayer, il ne pouvait pas oublier
5)the same... as — le/la même... que
6) ( expressing purpose)2.so as to do — pour faire, afin de faire
1) ( in order to appear to be)2) (showing function, status) commespeaking as his closest friend, I... — en tant que son meilleur ami, je voudrais dire que je...
with Lauren Bacall as Vivien — Cinema, Theatre avec Lauren Bacall dans le rôle de Vivien
3)3.he was quoted as saying that... — il aurait dit que...
1) (expressing degree, extent)the population may increase by as much as 20% — l'augmentation de la population risque d'atteindre 20%
as many as 10,000 people attended the demonstration — il n'y avait pas moins de 10000 personnes à la manifestation
he has a house in Nice as well as an apartment in Paris — il a une maison à Nice ainsi qu'un appartement à Paris
2) ( expressing similarity) comme4.as against prepositional phrase contre, comparé à5.as and when conjunctional phrase6.as and when the need arises — quand il le faudra, quand le besoin s'en fera sentir
as for prepositional phrase quant à, pour ce qui est de7. 8.as if conjunctional phrase comme (si)he looked at me as if to say ‘I told you so’ — il m'a regardé avec l'air de dire ‘je te l'avais bien dit’
9.as if by accident/magic — comme par hasard/magie
as such prepositional phrase en tant que tel10.as to prepositional phrase sur, quant à
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